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sector:agriculture:agricultural_soils:3df_agriculture_other [2021/12/01 12:56] – [Table] doeringsector:agriculture:agricultural_soils:3df_agriculture_other [2024/11/06 14:47] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 {{ :sector:agriculture:agricultural_soils:spray_pesticide_v2.png?nolink&400|}} {{ :sector:agriculture:agricultural_soils:spray_pesticide_v2.png?nolink&400|}}
  
-Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is one of the listed persistent organic pollutants covered by the the Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants from 2009, Annex III((Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2009), United Nation: Aarhus Protocol on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, Persistent Organic Pollutants, 1998 - Amendment - (on Annexes V and VII) Decision 2009. Status In force (since Dec 13, 2010), Annex III.)), the Stockholm Convention((Stockholm Convention (2001): The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, opened for signature May 23, 2001, UN Doc. UNEP/POPS/CONF/4, App. II (2001), reprinted in 40 ILM 532 (2001) [hereinafter Stockholm Convention]. The text of the convention and additional information about POPs is available online at the United Nations Environment Programme’s (UNEP’s) POPs website)) and Directive 2016/2284 (NECD), Annex I from 2016((Directive 2016/2284/EU: Directive (EU) 2016/2284 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2016 on the reduction of national emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants, amending Directive 2003/35/EC and repealing Directive 2001/81/EC (Text with EEA relevance ).)). These conventions and directives oblige parties to reduce their emissions of dioxins, furans, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) below their levels in 1990.+Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is one of the listed persistent organic pollutants covered by the Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants from 2009, Annex III((Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2009), United Nation: Aarhus Protocol on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, Persistent Organic Pollutants, 1998 - Amendment - (on Annexes V and VII) Decision 2009. Status In force (since Dec 13, 2010), Annex III.)), the Stockholm Convention((Stockholm Convention (2001): The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, opened for signature May 23, 2001, UN Doc. UNEP/POPS/CONF/4, App. II (2001), reprinted in 40 ILM 532 (2001) [hereinafter Stockholm Convention]. The text of the convention and additional information about POPs is available online at the United Nations Environment Programme’s (UNEP’s) POPs website)) and Directive 2016/2284 (NECD), Annex I from 2016((Directive 2016/2284/EU: Directive (EU) 2016/2284 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2016 on the reduction of national emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants, amending Directive 2003/35/EC and repealing Directive 2001/81/EC (Text with EEA relevance ).)). These conventions and directives oblige parties to reduce their emissions of dioxins, furans, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) below their levels in 1990.
  
-In Germany the application of HCB as a pesticide, in a pure form, has been prohibited since 1977 and thus no HCB emissions were reported before 2015. However, HCB can occur as an impurity in active substances e.g.:+In Germany the application of HCB as a pesticide, in a pure form, has been prohibited since 1977 and thus no HCB emissions were reported reported until the 2016 reporting. However, HCB can occur as an impurity in active substances e.g.:
  
 Lindane (gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane, γ-HCCH),  Lindane (gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane, γ-HCCH), 
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 Further active substances are chlorothalonil (fungicide), tefluthrin (insecticide) and picloram (herbicide). These active substances are continued to be used in approved pesticides in Germany (cf. Table I, Pesticides). Tefluthrin is not emission relevant due to the application method. The pesticide is applied on seed in closed storage buildings (communication by Syngenta Agro, 2015 ((Syngenta Agro (2015), Dep. „Zulassung und Produktsicherheit“, personal communication))). Thus, it is not considered in the amount of reported HCB emissions. Further active substances are chlorothalonil (fungicide), tefluthrin (insecticide) and picloram (herbicide). These active substances are continued to be used in approved pesticides in Germany (cf. Table I, Pesticides). Tefluthrin is not emission relevant due to the application method. The pesticide is applied on seed in closed storage buildings (communication by Syngenta Agro, 2015 ((Syngenta Agro (2015), Dep. „Zulassung und Produktsicherheit“, personal communication))). Thus, it is not considered in the amount of reported HCB emissions.
  
-//Table 1a, Chlorothalonil (above) & Table 1b (below), Picloram: Overview of plant protection products and their trade names, chemical agents, intended applications and approval numbers; last update 12/08/2021//+//Table Ia, Chlorothalonil (above) & Table Ib (below), Picloram: Overview of plant protection products and their trade names, chemical agents, intended applications and approval numbers; last update 12/08/2021//
  
 ^  Chemical agent  ^  Plant protection product  ^  Approval number  ^  Application for                                                                                       ^  Meanwhile not approved in Germany     ^ ^  Chemical agent  ^  Plant protection product  ^  Approval number  ^  Application for                                                                                       ^  Meanwhile not approved in Germany     ^
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 Sources: [[https://www.bvl.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/04_Pflanzenschutzmittel/Beendete_PSM.html?nn=11031326]], [[https://www.proplanta.de/Pflanzenschutzmittel/Liste/]] Sources: [[https://www.bvl.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/04_Pflanzenschutzmittel/Beendete_PSM.html?nn=11031326]], [[https://www.proplanta.de/Pflanzenschutzmittel/Liste/]]
  
-HCB has never been contained in co-formulants of approved pesticides (communication of the Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL, 2015) ((BVL (2015) (Bundesamts für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit Braunschweig): persönliche Mitteilung der Wirkstoffdaten, 2015.)).+HCB has never been contained in co-formulants of approved pesticides (communication of the Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL, 2015)((BVL (2015) (Bundesamts für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit Braunschweig): persönliche Mitteilung der Wirkstoffdaten, 2015.)).
  
 In the past, some applicants listed maximum HCB concentrations in technical active substances in certain lindane-containing substances. The concentrations given amounted to ≤ 0.1 g/kg, a level oriented to the detection limits of the analysis method used at the time. Substances conforming to that maximum concentration were approved only through 1989 or 1990 (in one case, through 1995). Obligations to report substance quantities sold did not take effect until 1998. For the other relevant active substances, the BVL has no information on HCB as an impurity. In the past, some applicants listed maximum HCB concentrations in technical active substances in certain lindane-containing substances. The concentrations given amounted to ≤ 0.1 g/kg, a level oriented to the detection limits of the analysis method used at the time. Substances conforming to that maximum concentration were approved only through 1989 or 1990 (in one case, through 1995). Obligations to report substance quantities sold did not take effect until 1998. For the other relevant active substances, the BVL has no information on HCB as an impurity.
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-As activity data, domestic sales of pesticides with the active substances chlorothalonil and picloram compiled by the BVL (BVL, 2019 ((BVL (2019) (Bundesamts für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit Braunschweig): persönliche Mitteilung der Wirkstoffdaten, 2019.)) were used (reports pursuant to § 64 of the Plant Protection Act (PflSchG, 2012 ((PflSchG (2012): Gesetz zur Neuordnung des Pflanzenschutzgesetzes, Bundesgesetzblatt (BGBl), Jahrgang 2012, Teil I, Nr. 7, § 64.))); (cf. Table II, domestic sales). Since mid-2020, domestic sales of all active substances have been published.+As activity data, domestic sales of pesticides with the active substances chlorothalonil, picloram and updated data of lindane compiled by the BVL((BVL (2021a) (Bundesamts für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit Braunschweig): personal communication of the active substance data, 2021.)) were used (reports pursuant to § 64 of the Plant Protection Act (PflSchG, 2012 ((PflSchG (2012): Gesetz zur Neuordnung des Pflanzenschutzgesetzes, Bundesgesetzblatt (BGBl), Jahrgang 2012, Teil I, Nr. 7, § 64.))); (cf. Table II, domestic sales)((BVL,(2021b): Berichte über Inlandsabsatz und Export von Pflanzenschutzmitteln, 2021, https://www.bvl.bund.de/DE/Arbeitsbereiche/04_Pflanzenschutzmittel/01_Aufgaben/02_ZulassungPSM/03_PSMInlandsabsatzAusfuhr/psm_PSMInlandsabsatzAusfuhr_node.html)). Since mid-2020, domestic sales of all active substances have been published.
  
-Table II, Domestic Sales Statistic of Chlorthalonil, Picloram and Lindane from 1990 until 2020 +//Table II, Domestic Sales Statistic of Chlorothalonil, Picloram and Lindane from 1990 until 2020.// 
-^       ^  Chlorthalonil  ^  Picloram  ^  Lindane  ^ +^        ^  Chlorothalonil  ^  Picloram  ^  Lindane  ^ 
-| Year  ^  in t/a         ^  in t/a    ^  in t/a   ^ +^  Year  ^  in t/a         ^  in t/a    ^  in t/a   ^ 
-| 1990  |           317,3 |          - |     120,4 | +| 1990   |           317,3 |          - |     120,4 | 
-| 1991  |           417,9 |          - |     127,4 | +| 1991   |           417,9 |          - |     127,4 | 
-| 1992  |           161,2 |          - |      73,7 | +| 1992   |           161,2 |          - |      73,7 | 
-| 1993  |            83,4 |          - |      47,0 | +| 1993   |            83,4 |          - |      47,0 | 
-| 1994  |            76,8 |          - |      37,0 | +| 1994   |            76,8 |          - |      37,0 | 
-| 1995  |            55,6 |          - |      26,2 | +| 1995   |            55,6 |          - |      26,2 | 
-| 1996  |            82,5 |          - |      36,9 | +| 1996   |            82,5 |          - |      36,9 | 
-| 1997  |            76,0 |          - |      29,0 | +| 1997   |            76,0 |          - |      29,0 | 
-| 1998  |            16,7 |          - |         - | +| 1998   |            16,7 |          - |         - | 
-| 1999  |           149,9 |          - |         - | +| 1999   |           149,9 |          - |         - | 
-| 2000  |           109,3 |          - |         - | +| 2000   |           109,3 |          - |         - | 
-| 2001  |            19,8 |          - |         - | +| 2001   |            19,8 |          - |         - | 
-| 2002  |            25,1 |          - |         - | +| 2002   |            25,1 |          - |         - | 
-| 2003  |           240,1 |          - |         - | +| 2003   |           240,1 |          - |         - | 
-| 2004  |            39,8 |          - |         - | +| 2004   |            39,8 |          - |         - | 
-| 2005  |           857,2 |          - |         - | +| 2005   |           857,2 |          - |         - | 
-| 2006  |           905,0 |        2,3 |         - | +| 2006   |           905,0 |        2,3 |         - | 
-| 2007  |           741,2 |        6,8 |         - | +| 2007   |           741,2 |        6,8 |         - | 
-| 2008  |           719,5 |        1,8 |         - | +| 2008   |           719,5 |        1,8 |         - | 
-| 2009  |           525,1 |        1,6 |         - | +| 2009   |           525,1 |        1,6 |         - | 
-| 2010  |           620,7 |        1,9 |         - | +| 2010   |           620,7 |        1,9 |         - | 
-| 2011  |           649,2 |        3,7 |         - | +| 2011   |           649,2 |        3,7 |         - | 
-| 2012  |           518,1 |        6,1 |         - | +| 2012   |           518,1 |        6,1 |         - | 
-| 2013  |           565,4 |        3,7 |         - | +| 2013   |           565,4 |        3,7 |         - | 
-| 2014  |          1000,8 |        4,2 |         - | +| 2014   |          1000,8 |        4,2 |         - | 
-| 2015  |           886,0 |        3,5 |         - | +| 2015   |           886,0 |        3,5 |         - | 
-| 2016  |          1148,1 |        4,3 |         - | +| 2016   |          1148,1 |        4,3 |         - | 
-| 2017  |          1418,8 |        4,1 |         - | +| 2017   |          1418,8 |        4,1 |         - | 
-| 2018  |           860,8 |        3,9 |         - | +| 2018   |           860,8 |        3,9 |         - | 
-| 2019  |           911,8 |        7,5 |         - | +| 2019   |           911,8 |        7,5 |         - | 
-| 2020  |           105,2 |        9,4 |         - |+| 2020   |           105,2 |        9,4 |         - |
  
  
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-The HCB quantities are calculated in light of the maximum permitted concentrations of HCB impurities established by legal acts of the EU ((Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 540/2011 ((COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING REGULATION (EU) No 540/2011 of 25 May 2011 implementing Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the list of approved active substances. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32011R0541)) defines, for certain active substances and in connection with their approval, maximum levels of impurities that are of toxicological or ecotoxicological concern or that are of special concern due to the environmental risks they pose. Since the implementing regulation is a directly applicable law, the maximum levels are binding throughout Europe. In addition, in special cases the BVL may define maximum levels for impurities that the regulation does not cover. Conformance with such maximum levels is then included as a necessary condition for approval of relevant pesticides.)). The approach is a highly conservative one that probably overestimates the actual emissions. The BVL has no information regarding the actual concentrations of impurities, either past or present, in pesticides placed on the market.+The HCB quantities are calculated in light of the maximum permitted concentrations of HCB impurities established by legal acts of the EU ((Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 540/2011 ((COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING REGULATION (EU) No 540/2011 of 25 May 2011 implementing Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the list of approved active substances. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32011R0541)) defines, for certain active substances and in connection with their approval, maximum levels of impurities that are of toxicological or ecotoxicological concern or that are of special concern due to the environmental risks they pose. Since the implementing regulation is a directly applicable law, the maximum levels are binding throughout Europe. In addition, in special cases the BVL may define maximum levels for impurities that the regulation does not cover. Conformance with such maximum levels is then included as a necessary condition for approval of relevant pesticides. The approach is a highly conservative one that probably overestimates the actual emissions. The BVL has no information regarding the actual concentrations of impurities, either past or present, in pesticides placed on the market.
  
 === Chlorothalonil === === Chlorothalonil ===
  
  
-Before 2006 there was no legal regulation in Germany on the maximum content of HCB in the active ingredient chlorothalonil. However, with the implementation of Directive 91/414/EEC ((Council Directive 91/414/EEC of 15 July 1991 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/ALL/?uri=CELEX:31991L0414)), manufacturers had to analyse their technical active substance for possible relevant impurities and, where appropriate, indicate a maximum level. These maximum levels had to be maintained. Information about the levels specified for chlorothalonil for the years 1990 and 1999 for Germany are not known. As described in the FAO specification (2015, p. 49, ((FAO (2015): FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) Specifications and Evaluations for Chlorothalonil, p 51. http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/thematic-sitemap/theme/pests/jmps/ps-new/en/))) Chlorothalonil was reviewed by IPCS (INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON CHEMICAL SAFETY) in the Environmental Health Criteria (EHC) series in 1996. The limit for HCB in the FAO specification in 1998 for chlorothalonil was 0.3 g/kg and manufacturer stated in that report that the company had improved the manufacturing process (see FAO Specification, 2015, p. 51).+Before 2006 there was no legal regulation in Germany on the maximum content of HCB in the active substance chlorothalonil. However, with the implementation of Directive 91/414/EEC ((Council Directive 91/414/EEC of 15 July 1991 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/ALL/?uri=CELEX:31991L0414)), manufacturers had to analyse their technical active substance for possible relevant impurities and, where appropriate, indicate a maximum level. These maximum levels had to be maintained. Information about the levels specified for chlorothalonil for the years 1990 and 1999 for Germany are not known. As described in the FAO specification (2015, p. 49, ((FAO (2015): FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) Specifications and Evaluations for Chlorothalonil, p 51. http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/thematic-sitemap/theme/pests/jmps/ps-new/en/))) Chlorothalonil was reviewed by IPCS (INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON CHEMICAL SAFETY) in the Environmental Health Criteria (EHC) series in 1996. The limit for HCB in the FAO specification in 1998 for chlorothalonil was 0.3 g/kg and manufacturer stated in that report that the company had improved the manufacturing process (see FAO Specification, 2015, p. 51).
 Thus, a maximum HCB concentration of 300 mg/kg (IPCS, 1996 ((IPCS (1996), Chlorothalonil. Environmental Health Criteria, 183. 145pp. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. ISBN 92-4-157183-7. C12138614.7.))) is considered for the years 1990 until 1999 for Germany. Thus, a maximum HCB concentration of 300 mg/kg (IPCS, 1996 ((IPCS (1996), Chlorothalonil. Environmental Health Criteria, 183. 145pp. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. ISBN 92-4-157183-7. C12138614.7.))) is considered for the years 1990 until 1999 for Germany.
  
-Directive 2005/53/EC ((Directive 2005/53/EC: Commission Directive 2005/53/EC of 16 September 2005 amending Council Directive 91/414/EEC to include chlorothalonil, chlorotoluron, cypermethrin, daminozide and thiophanate-methyl as active substances 2005/53/EC C.F.R. (2005).)), which entered into force on 1 March 2006, established a maximum permitted HCB concentration of 10 mg/kg in chlorothalonil as a technical active substance. Due to a review by the FAO 288/2005 (see FAO 2015, p.22 and p. 51) and taking into account the results of batch samples testing the impurity the max. concentration was raised again up to 0.04 g/kg. Thus, the standard was raised to 40 mg/kg in Directive 2006/76/EC ((Directive 2006/76/EC: Commission Directive 2006/76/EC of 22 September 2006 amending Council Directive 91/414/EEC as regards the specification of the active substance chlorothalonil (Text with EEA relevance) 2006/76/EC C.F.R. (2006))). According to the current FAO Specifications and Evaluations for Agricultural Pesticides, Chlorothalonil (2020)((FAO (2020): FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) Specifications and Evaluations for Chlorothalonil, [[http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/thematic-sitemap/theme/pests/jmps/ps-new/en/#C]])) continues to be reported at 40 mg/kg (see Table 1, page 18). +Directive 2005/53/EC ((Directive 2005/53/EC: Commission Directive 2005/53/EC of 16 September 2005 amending Council Directive 91/414/EEC to include chlorothalonil, chlorotoluron, cypermethrin, daminozide and thiophanate-methyl as active substances 2005/53/EC C.F.R. (2005).)), which entered into force on 1 March 2006, established a maximum permitted HCB concentration of 10 mg/kg in chlorothalonil as a technical active substance. Due to a review by the FAO 288/2005 (see FAO 2015, p.22 and p. 51) and taking into account the results of batch samples testing the impurity the max. concentration was raised again up to 0.04 g/kg. Thus, the standard was raised to 40 mg/kg in Directive 2006/76/EC ((Directive 2006/76/EC: Commission Directive 2006/76/EC of 22 September 2006 amending Council Directive 91/414/EEC as regards the specification of the active substance chlorothalonil (Text with EEA relevance) 2006/76/EC C.F.R. (2006))). According to the current FAO Specifications and Evaluations for Agricultural Pesticides, Chlorothalonil (2020)((FAO (2020): FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) Specifications and Evaluations for Chlorothalonil, [[http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/thematic-sitemap/theme/pests/jmps/ps-new/en/#C]])) continues to be reported at 40 mg/kg (see Table 1, p. 18). 
  
-For the years as of 2000, the specified maximum HCB concentrations in chlorothalonil differ considerably from pesticide to pesticide – in some cases despite the EU-regulation, the values differ from year to year for the same pesticide. For the year 2000 an interim value was calulated by linear interpolation. (170 mg/kg). For the years 2001 to 2004, the value of 40 mg/kg is used.+For the years as of 2000, the specified maximum HCB concentrations in chlorothalonil differ considerably from pesticide to pesticide – in some cases despite the EU-regulation, the values differ from year to year for the same pesticide. For the year 2000 an interim value was calulated by linear interpolation. (170 mg/kg). 
  
-The quantities of pesticide active substances sold, and reported pursuant to Art. 64 Plant Protection Act were used as a basis for deriving a weighted average for the maximum concentrations for 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2013 (cf. Table IV, concentrations of impurities). The average was used to calculate the relevant HCB quantities for the period between 2005 and 2008. For the later years starting from 2009 onwards the information on the maximum concentration of 10 mg/kg is assumed which is indicated by the authorisation holders (Syngenta Agro, 2015). For 2019, the same quantity is assumed as for 2018. The data will be updated with submission 2022.+According to information from the BVL (October 2021, personal communication), the maximum content of HCB in chlorothalonil was increased from 10 to 40 mg/kg in the products "AMISTAR Opti" and "CREDO" due to subsequently applied for active substance sources.  Likewise, an additional potential active substance source (production site) was also reported retroactively. For the years 2001 to 2017, the value of 40 mg/kg (for the reporting 2022) is used for the maximum content of HCB. 
 +For the years from 2018 onwards, the information from the authorisation holders (Syngenta Agro, 2015) is used for the maximum concentration of 10 mg/kg, as only the product “AMISTAR Opti” was still on the market.
  
 === Picloram === === Picloram ===
    
  
-For picloram, a maximum concentration of 50 mg/kg has been specified for some pesticides. Relevant pesticides were introduced in Germany beginning in 2006. Picloram was added to Annex I with the Commission Directive 2008/69/EC ((Directive 2008/69/EC: Commission Directive 2008/69/EC of 1 July 2008 amending Council Directive 91/414/EEC to include clofentezine, dicamba, difenoconazole, diflubenzuron, imazaquin, lenacil, oxadiazon, picloram and pyriproxyfen as active substances 2008/69/EC C.F.R. (2008).)) and the HCB impurity is still set to 50 mg/kg (FAO, 2012 ((FAO (2012): FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations)Specifications and Evaluations for Picloram, Table 2, p. 23. http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/thematic-sitemap/theme/pests/jmps/ps-new/en/))). For 2019, the same quantity is assumed as for 2018. The data will be updated with submission 2022.+For picloram, a maximum concentration of 50 mg/kg has been specified for some pesticides. Relevant pesticides were introduced in Germany beginning in 2006. Picloram was added to Annex I with the Commission Directive 2008/69/EC ((Directive 2008/69/EC: Commission Directive 2008/69/EC of 1 July 2008 amending Council Directive 91/414/EEC to include clofentezine, dicamba, difenoconazole, diflubenzuron, imazaquin, lenacil, oxadiazon, picloram and pyriproxyfen as active substances 2008/69/EC C.F.R. (2008).)) and the HCB impurity is still set to 50 mg/kg (FAO, 2012 ((FAO (2012): FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations)Specifications and Evaluations for Picloram, Table 2, p. 23. http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/thematic-sitemap/theme/pests/jmps/ps-new/en/))). For 2020, the same amount as for previous years is assumed. 
  
 === Lindane === === Lindane ===
  
  
-The HCB quantities in lindane were determined with the help of historically reported lindane-quantity data (cf. Table III) of the former former Federal Biological Office for Agriculture and Forestry (Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft; BBA), Institute of Pesticide Technology Assessment (Institut für Folgenabschätzungen im Pflanzenschutz, Kleinmachnow). Those data are based on information that producers provided voluntarily. For the years after 1997 no data are available because the application of Lindan was phased out in 1998.+The data on lindane sales were compared by the BVL with historical data from the former GDR statistics and published since 2020 (see Table II). For the years after 1997 no data are available because the application of lindane was phased out in 1998.
  
-//Table III: Domestic sales of Lindane, in t/a // 
-^              ^  1990   ^  1991   ^  1992  ^  1993  ^  1994  ^  1995  ^  1996  ^  1997  ^ 
-| **Lindane**  |  119.34 |  126.28 |  73.05 |  46.59 |  36.67 |  25.97 |  36.57 |  28.74 | 
  
-For lindane, a maximum concentration of 100 mg/kg was specified for the years 1990 through 1994. For the years after 1994 a lower concentration (50 mg/kg) was assumed which is based on compiled information of Bailey (2001)((Bailey, R. E., (2001): Global hexachlorobenzene emissions. Chemosphere, 43(2), 167-182.)) (cf. Table IV).+For lindane, a maximum concentration of 100 mg/kg was specified for the years 1990 through 1994. For the years after 1994 a lower concentration (50 mg/kg) was assumed which is based on compiled information of Bailey (2001)((Bailey, R. E., (2001): Global hexachlorobenzene emissions. Chemosphere, 43(2), 167-182.)) (cf. Table III). 
 // //
-Table IV: Maximum concentrations of HCB impurities in relevant active substances, in mg per kg//+Table III: Maximum concentrations of HCB impurities in relevant active substances, in mg per kg//
  
-^  Impurity content                       ^  1990  ^  1995  ^  2000  ^  2001  ^  2002  ^  2003  ^  2004  ^  2005    ^  2009 - 2019  ^ +^ Impurity content  ^ 1990-1994  ^ 1995-1997  ^ 1998 - 1999  ^ 2000  ^ 2001 - 2003  ^ 2004 - 2017  ^ 2018 - 2020  ^ 
-| Chlorothalonil                          |  300   |  300   |  170   |  40    |  40    |  40    |  40    |  13.33*  |  10           | +| Chlorothalonil    |        300 |        300 |          300 |   170 |           40 |           40 |           10 | 
-| Picloram                                |  50    |  50    |  50    |  50    |  50    |  50    |  50    |  50      |  50           | +| Picloram          |         50 |         50 |           50 |    50 |           50 |           50 |           50 | 
-| Lindane                                 |  100   |  50    |  n/a   |  n/a   |  n/a   |  n/a   |  n/a   |  n/a     |  n/a          | +| Lindane           |        100 |         50 |          n/a |   n/a |          n/a |          n/a |          n/a |
-| n/a: not applicable; *weighted average                                                                                   |||||||||| +
-| :::                                                                                                                      | :::    | :::    | :::    | :::    | :::    | :::    | :::    | :::      | :::           |+
  
 In recent years, the total HCB quantities in pesticide active substances (cf. Table V) have been affected primarily by sales of chlorothalonil. In recent years, the total HCB quantities in pesticide active substances (cf. Table V) have been affected primarily by sales of chlorothalonil.
  
 While this results from the large quantities of chlorothalonil-containing pesticides sold, it is also due to the high chlorothalonil concentrations in such pesticides and to the high permitted maximum HCB concentrations (0.3 g/kg), in chlorothalonil as a technical active substance, that applied prior to 2000. Due to the revised data, changes in HCB quantities occur. While this results from the large quantities of chlorothalonil-containing pesticides sold, it is also due to the high chlorothalonil concentrations in such pesticides and to the high permitted maximum HCB concentrations (0.3 g/kg), in chlorothalonil as a technical active substance, that applied prior to 2000. Due to the revised data, changes in HCB quantities occur.
-The maximum HCB quantity for picloram, in the period under consideration, were lower, respectively, than the relevant quantities for chlorothalonil. For this reason, fluctuations in sales of picloram have very little impact on maximum HCB quantities. 
- 
-//Table V: Maximum HCB quantities in domestically sold active substances in pesticides [kg] from 1990 until 2019// 
- 
-^                  ^  1990   ^  1991   ^  1992  ^  1993  ^  1994  ^  1995  ^  1996  ^  1997  ^  1998  ^  1999  ^ 
-| Max. HCB Amount  |  107.12 |  137.98 |  55.65 |  29.68 |  26.71 |  17.98 |  26.58 |  24.24 |   5.01 |  44.98 | 
-^                  ^  2000   ^  2001   ^  2002  ^  2003  ^  2004  ^  2005  ^  2006  ^  2007  ^  2008  ^  2009  ^ 
-| Max. HCB Amount  |   18.58 |    0.79 |   1.00 |   9.60 |   1.59 |  11.43 |  12.07 |   9.88 |   9.59 |   5.25 | 
-^                  ^  2010   ^  2011   ^  2012  ^  2013  ^  2014  ^  2015  ^  2016  ^  2017  ^  2018  ^  2019  ^ 
-| Max. HCB Amount  |    6.30 |    6.68 |   5.48 |   5.84 |  10.22 |   9.03 |  11.70 |  14.39 |   8.80 |   8.80 | 
  
 +The maximum HCB quantity for picloram, in the period under consideration, were lower, respectively, than the relevant quantities for chlorothalonil. For this reason, fluctuations in sales of picloram have very little impact on maximum HCB quantities.The maximum HCB quantities used in the 2022 submission correspond to the emissions and are presented under the chapter 'Recalculations'.
  
  
Line 186: Line 174:
  
  
-The following chart give an overview of the emission trend of HCB (see Picture 1). The HCB emissions were calculated and updated for the years 2017 and 2018. The value for 2019 was updated. HCB emissions are mainly dominated by the proportion of chlorothalonil. +The following chart give an overview of the emission trend of HCB (see Picture 1). HCB emissions were fully recalculated up to 1990. HCB emissions are mainly dominated by the share of chlorothalonil. According to the BVL (2021a), a possible explanation for the increase in HCB emissions from 2005 onwards would be the re-approval of "Bravo 500" in December 2004 against Septoria in wheat and then for the first time against phytophthora in potatoes. 
-According to the information of the BVL, a possible explanation for the increase of HCB emissions from 2005 onwards would be the renewed approval of Bravo 500. Possibly the first "sell-out" took place in 2014, because the approval end of "Bravo 500" was originally 30.04.2016 with a sales period until 30.10.2016 and a use-by period for users until 30.10.2017.+It is possible that the first "sell-out" took place in 2014, as the end of approval for "Bravo 500" was originally 30.04.2016 with a sales deadline of 30.10.2016 and a phase-out period for users until 30.10.2017. 
 +The end of the EU active substance authorisation for chlorothalonil was later extended to 31.10.2018 and again to 31.10.2019, and with it the authorisations for the plant protection products in Germany. With the Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/677 23), the BVL revoked the last three approvals for plant protection products containing chlorothalonil on 31 October 2019((cf. BVL; 2019: BVL - Fachmeldungen - Widerruf der Zulassung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln mit dem Wirkstoff Chlorthalonil zum 31. Oktober 2019. (2019, 31. Oktober). Abgerufen am September 2021, von https://www.bvl.bund.de/SharedDocs/Fachmeldungen/04_pflanzenschutzmittel/2019/2019_06_19_Fa_Widerruf_Chlorthalonil.html)). A sell-off period until 30 April 2020 applied. Often, in the last years before the end of the approval, the remaining stocks are brought onto the market, which leads to higher sales than in previous years.
  
-The end of the EU active substance approval for chlorothalonil was later extended to 31.10.2018 and again to 31.10.2019, and accordingly also the approvals for the pesticides in Germany. According to the Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/677 ((Regulation (EU) 2019/677: Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/677 of 29 April 2019 concerning the non-renewal of the approval of the active substance chlorothalonil, in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market, and amending Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 540/2011, http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2019/677/oj)), the BVL revoked the last three approvals for plant protection products containing chlorothalonil as of 31 October 2019. There was a sales deadline of April 30, 2020 (see https://www.bvl.bund.de/SharedDocs/Fachmeldungen/04_pflanzenschutzmittel/2019/2019_06_19_Fa_Widerruf_Chlorthalonil.html of June 19, 2019). 
  
 //Picture 1: Annual trend of HCB emissions in Germany in the sector agriculture, in kg// //Picture 1: Annual trend of HCB emissions in Germany in the sector agriculture, in kg//
  
-{{:sector:agriculture:agricultural_soils:iir_2021_3.d.f_tab6_hcb_trend.png?400|}}+ 
 +{{ :sector:agriculture:agricultural_soils:iir_2022_3dff_tab6_hcb_trend_komplett.png?nolink&600 |}} 
 + 
  
 ===== Recalculations ===== ===== Recalculations =====
  
 +Recalculations were made for the complete time series due to the changes and new information given by the BVL for the amount of domestic sales of the active substances. The following Tables IV a) - c) show the differences between the data for submission 2021 and the current data and are given in tonnes per year and in percentage.
 +
 +//Tables IV a) - c): Recalculation of the activity data: lindane, chlorothalonil and picloram.//
 +
 +a)
 +^  Active Substance  ^  Unit  ^  1990  ^  1991  ^  1992  ^  1993  ^  1994  ^  1995  ^  1996  ^  1997  ^
 +| Lindane_SUB 2022   |  t     |  120.4 |  127.4 |   73.7 |   47.0 |   37.0 |   26.2 |   36.9 |   29.0 |
 +| Lindane_SUB 2021   |  t     |  119.3 |  126.3 |   73.0 |   46.6 |   36.7 |   26.0 |   36.6 |   28.7 |
 +| Difference         |  t     |    1.0 |    1.1 |    0.7 |    0.4 |    0.3 |    0.2 |    0.3 |    0.2 |
 +| Difference         |  %     |    0.9 |    0.9 |    0.9 |    0.9 |    0.8 |    0.7 |    0.9 |    0.8 |
 +
 +b)
 +^  Active Substance       ^  Unit  ^  2019  ^
 +| Chlorothalonil_SUB 2022  |  t     |  911.8 |
 +| Chlorothalonil_SUB 2021  |  t     |  860.8 |
 +| Difference              |  t     |   50.9 |
 +| Difference              |  %     |    5.9 |
 +
 +c)
 +^  Active Substance  ^  Unit  ^  2019  ^
 +| Picloram_SUB 2022  |  t     |    7.5 |
 +| Picloram_SUB 2021  |  t     |    3.9 |
 +| Difference         |  t     |    3.5 |
 +| Difference         |  %     |   90.0 |
 +
 +Due to the changes in the input data and the assumptions on the maximum quantities of HCB, the emissions also change. The following Table V shows the differences between the data for submission 2021 and the current data and are given in kg per year and in percentage.
 +
 +//Table V: Recalculation of HCB emisssion from 1990 until the latest reported year, in kg.//
 +
 +
 +^  Emissions    ^  Unit  ^  1990  ^  1991  ^  1992  ^  1993  ^  1994  ^  1995  ^  1996  ^  1997  ^  1998  ^  1999  ^
 +| HCB_SUB 2022  |  kg    |  107.2 |  138.1 |   55.7 |   29.7 |   26.7 |     18 |   26.6 |   24.2 |    5.0 |   45.0 |
 +| HCB_SUB 2021  |  kg    |  107.1 |    138 |   55.7 |   29.7 |   26.7 |     18 |   26.6 |   24.2 |    5.0 |   45.0 |
 +| Difference    |  kg    |    0.1 |    0.1 |    0.1 |   0.04 |   0.03 |   0.01 |   0.02 |   0.01 |    0.0 |    0.0 |
 +| Difference    |  %     |    0.1 |    0.1 |    0.1 |    0.1 |    0.1 |    0.1 |    0.1 |    0.0 |    0.0 |    0.0 |
 +
 +^  Emissions    ^  Unit  ^  2000  ^  2001  ^  2002  ^  2003  ^  2004  ^  2005  ^  2006  ^  2007  ^  2008  ^  2009  ^
 +| HCB_SUB 2022  |  kg    |   18.6 |    0.8 |      1 |    9.6 |    1.6 |   34.3 |   36.2 |   29.6 |   28.8 |     21 |
 +| HCB_SUB 2021  |  kg    |   18.6 |    0.8 |      1 |    9.6 |    1.6 |   11.4 |   12.1 |    9.9 |    9.6 |    5.3 |
 +| Difference    |  kg    |      0 |      0 |      0 |      0 |      0 |   22.9 |   24.1 |   19.8 |   19.2 |   15.8 |
 +| Difference    |  %     |      0 |      0 |      0 |      0 |      0 |    200 |    200 |    200 |    200 |    300 |
 +
 +^  Emissions    ^  Unit  ^  2010  ^  2011  ^  2012  ^  2013  ^  2014  ^  2015  ^  2016  ^  2017  ^  2018  ^  2019  ^
 +| HCB_SUB 2022  |  kg    |   24.8 |     26 |   20.7 |   22.6 |     40 |   35.4 |   45.9 |   56.8 |    8.6 |    9.1 |
 +| HCB_SUB 2021  |  kg    |    6.3 |    6.7 |    5.5 |    5.8 |   10.2 |    9.0 |   11.7 |   14.4 |    8.8 |    8.8 |
 +| Difference    |  kg    |   18.5 |   19.3 |   15.2 |   16.8 |   29.8 |   26.4 |   34.2 |   42.4 |   -0.2 |    0.3 |
 +| Difference    |  %     |  293.9 |  288.8 |  277.9 |  287.3 |  291.8 |  292.3 |  292.6 |  294.3 |   -2.2 |    3.6 |
  
-No recalculations were made from 1990 until 2016. Only the domestic sales in 2017 were updated. 
  
 ===== Uncertainty ===== ===== Uncertainty =====
Line 208: Line 245:
  
 ===== Planned improvements ===== ===== Planned improvements =====
- +According to the BVL, no maximum permitted HCB concentrations have ever been legally established for the technical active substances atrazine, simazine, lindane and clopyralid, nor are such limits in place today. Further information on the sales volumes of atrazine, simazine and cloparylide is now available but not included in the current submission. The method will be reviewed accordingly, adjusted and extended for the 2023 submission.
- +
-No improvements are planned for the next submissions.+