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sector:agriculture:agricultural_soils:3df_agriculture_other [2021/12/23 10:38] – [Background] doeringsector:agriculture:agricultural_soils:3df_agriculture_other [2024/11/06 14:47] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is one of the listed persistent organic pollutants covered by the Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants from 2009, Annex III((Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2009), United Nation: Aarhus Protocol on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, Persistent Organic Pollutants, 1998 - Amendment - (on Annexes V and VII) Decision 2009. Status In force (since Dec 13, 2010), Annex III.)), the Stockholm Convention((Stockholm Convention (2001): The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, opened for signature May 23, 2001, UN Doc. UNEP/POPS/CONF/4, App. II (2001), reprinted in 40 ILM 532 (2001) [hereinafter Stockholm Convention]. The text of the convention and additional information about POPs is available online at the United Nations Environment Programme’s (UNEP’s) POPs website)) and Directive 2016/2284 (NECD), Annex I from 2016((Directive 2016/2284/EU: Directive (EU) 2016/2284 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2016 on the reduction of national emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants, amending Directive 2003/35/EC and repealing Directive 2001/81/EC (Text with EEA relevance ).)). These conventions and directives oblige parties to reduce their emissions of dioxins, furans, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) below their levels in 1990. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is one of the listed persistent organic pollutants covered by the Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants from 2009, Annex III((Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (2009), United Nation: Aarhus Protocol on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, Persistent Organic Pollutants, 1998 - Amendment - (on Annexes V and VII) Decision 2009. Status In force (since Dec 13, 2010), Annex III.)), the Stockholm Convention((Stockholm Convention (2001): The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, opened for signature May 23, 2001, UN Doc. UNEP/POPS/CONF/4, App. II (2001), reprinted in 40 ILM 532 (2001) [hereinafter Stockholm Convention]. The text of the convention and additional information about POPs is available online at the United Nations Environment Programme’s (UNEP’s) POPs website)) and Directive 2016/2284 (NECD), Annex I from 2016((Directive 2016/2284/EU: Directive (EU) 2016/2284 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2016 on the reduction of national emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants, amending Directive 2003/35/EC and repealing Directive 2001/81/EC (Text with EEA relevance ).)). These conventions and directives oblige parties to reduce their emissions of dioxins, furans, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) below their levels in 1990.
  
-In Germany the application of HCB as a pesticide, in a pure form, has been prohibited since 1977 and thus no HCB emissions were reported before 2015. However, HCB can occur as an impurity in active substances e.g.:+In Germany the application of HCB as a pesticide, in a pure form, has been prohibited since 1977 and thus no HCB emissions were reported reported until the 2016 reporting. However, HCB can occur as an impurity in active substances e.g.:
  
 Lindane (gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane, γ-HCCH),  Lindane (gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane, γ-HCCH), 
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 As activity data, domestic sales of pesticides with the active substances chlorothalonil, picloram and updated data of lindane compiled by the BVL((BVL (2021a) (Bundesamts für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit Braunschweig): personal communication of the active substance data, 2021.)) were used (reports pursuant to § 64 of the Plant Protection Act (PflSchG, 2012 ((PflSchG (2012): Gesetz zur Neuordnung des Pflanzenschutzgesetzes, Bundesgesetzblatt (BGBl), Jahrgang 2012, Teil I, Nr. 7, § 64.))); (cf. Table II, domestic sales)((BVL,(2021b): Berichte über Inlandsabsatz und Export von Pflanzenschutzmitteln, 2021, https://www.bvl.bund.de/DE/Arbeitsbereiche/04_Pflanzenschutzmittel/01_Aufgaben/02_ZulassungPSM/03_PSMInlandsabsatzAusfuhr/psm_PSMInlandsabsatzAusfuhr_node.html)). Since mid-2020, domestic sales of all active substances have been published. As activity data, domestic sales of pesticides with the active substances chlorothalonil, picloram and updated data of lindane compiled by the BVL((BVL (2021a) (Bundesamts für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit Braunschweig): personal communication of the active substance data, 2021.)) were used (reports pursuant to § 64 of the Plant Protection Act (PflSchG, 2012 ((PflSchG (2012): Gesetz zur Neuordnung des Pflanzenschutzgesetzes, Bundesgesetzblatt (BGBl), Jahrgang 2012, Teil I, Nr. 7, § 64.))); (cf. Table II, domestic sales)((BVL,(2021b): Berichte über Inlandsabsatz und Export von Pflanzenschutzmitteln, 2021, https://www.bvl.bund.de/DE/Arbeitsbereiche/04_Pflanzenschutzmittel/01_Aufgaben/02_ZulassungPSM/03_PSMInlandsabsatzAusfuhr/psm_PSMInlandsabsatzAusfuhr_node.html)). Since mid-2020, domestic sales of all active substances have been published.
  
-//Table II, Domestic Sales Statistic of Chlorthalonil, Picloram and Lindane from 1990 until 2020.// +//Table II, Domestic Sales Statistic of Chlorothalonil, Picloram and Lindane from 1990 until 2020.// 
-^        ^  Chlorthalonil  ^  Picloram  ^  Lindane  ^+^        ^  Chlorothalonil  ^  Picloram  ^  Lindane  ^
 ^  Year  ^  in t/a         ^  in t/a    ^  in t/a   ^ ^  Year  ^  in t/a         ^  in t/a    ^  in t/a   ^
 | 1990   |           317,3 |          - |     120,4 | | 1990   |           317,3 |          - |     120,4 |
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-Before 2006 there was no legal regulation in Germany on the maximum content of HCB in the active ingredient chlorothalonil. However, with the implementation of Directive 91/414/EEC ((Council Directive 91/414/EEC of 15 July 1991 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/ALL/?uri=CELEX:31991L0414)), manufacturers had to analyse their technical active substance for possible relevant impurities and, where appropriate, indicate a maximum level. These maximum levels had to be maintained. Information about the levels specified for chlorothalonil for the years 1990 and 1999 for Germany are not known. As described in the FAO specification (2015, p. 49, ((FAO (2015): FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) Specifications and Evaluations for Chlorothalonil, p 51. http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/thematic-sitemap/theme/pests/jmps/ps-new/en/))) Chlorothalonil was reviewed by IPCS (INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON CHEMICAL SAFETY) in the Environmental Health Criteria (EHC) series in 1996. The limit for HCB in the FAO specification in 1998 for chlorothalonil was 0.3 g/kg and manufacturer stated in that report that the company had improved the manufacturing process (see FAO Specification, 2015, p. 51).+Before 2006 there was no legal regulation in Germany on the maximum content of HCB in the active substance chlorothalonil. However, with the implementation of Directive 91/414/EEC ((Council Directive 91/414/EEC of 15 July 1991 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/ALL/?uri=CELEX:31991L0414)), manufacturers had to analyse their technical active substance for possible relevant impurities and, where appropriate, indicate a maximum level. These maximum levels had to be maintained. Information about the levels specified for chlorothalonil for the years 1990 and 1999 for Germany are not known. As described in the FAO specification (2015, p. 49, ((FAO (2015): FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) Specifications and Evaluations for Chlorothalonil, p 51. http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/thematic-sitemap/theme/pests/jmps/ps-new/en/))) Chlorothalonil was reviewed by IPCS (INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON CHEMICAL SAFETY) in the Environmental Health Criteria (EHC) series in 1996. The limit for HCB in the FAO specification in 1998 for chlorothalonil was 0.3 g/kg and manufacturer stated in that report that the company had improved the manufacturing process (see FAO Specification, 2015, p. 51).
 Thus, a maximum HCB concentration of 300 mg/kg (IPCS, 1996 ((IPCS (1996), Chlorothalonil. Environmental Health Criteria, 183. 145pp. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. ISBN 92-4-157183-7. C12138614.7.))) is considered for the years 1990 until 1999 for Germany. Thus, a maximum HCB concentration of 300 mg/kg (IPCS, 1996 ((IPCS (1996), Chlorothalonil. Environmental Health Criteria, 183. 145pp. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. ISBN 92-4-157183-7. C12138614.7.))) is considered for the years 1990 until 1999 for Germany.
  
-Directive 2005/53/EC ((Directive 2005/53/EC: Commission Directive 2005/53/EC of 16 September 2005 amending Council Directive 91/414/EEC to include chlorothalonil, chlorotoluron, cypermethrin, daminozide and thiophanate-methyl as active substances 2005/53/EC C.F.R. (2005).)), which entered into force on 1 March 2006, established a maximum permitted HCB concentration of 10 mg/kg in chlorothalonil as a technical active substance. Due to a review by the FAO 288/2005 (see FAO 2015, p.22 and p. 51) and taking into account the results of batch samples testing the impurity the max. concentration was raised again up to 0.04 g/kg. Thus, the standard was raised to 40 mg/kg in Directive 2006/76/EC ((Directive 2006/76/EC: Commission Directive 2006/76/EC of 22 September 2006 amending Council Directive 91/414/EEC as regards the specification of the active substance chlorothalonil (Text with EEA relevance) 2006/76/EC C.F.R. (2006))). According to the current FAO Specifications and Evaluations for Agricultural Pesticides, Chlorothalonil (2020)((FAO (2020): FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) Specifications and Evaluations for Chlorothalonil, [[http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/thematic-sitemap/theme/pests/jmps/ps-new/en/#C]])) continues to be reported at 40 mg/kg (see Table 1, page 18). +Directive 2005/53/EC ((Directive 2005/53/EC: Commission Directive 2005/53/EC of 16 September 2005 amending Council Directive 91/414/EEC to include chlorothalonil, chlorotoluron, cypermethrin, daminozide and thiophanate-methyl as active substances 2005/53/EC C.F.R. (2005).)), which entered into force on 1 March 2006, established a maximum permitted HCB concentration of 10 mg/kg in chlorothalonil as a technical active substance. Due to a review by the FAO 288/2005 (see FAO 2015, p.22 and p. 51) and taking into account the results of batch samples testing the impurity the max. concentration was raised again up to 0.04 g/kg. Thus, the standard was raised to 40 mg/kg in Directive 2006/76/EC ((Directive 2006/76/EC: Commission Directive 2006/76/EC of 22 September 2006 amending Council Directive 91/414/EEC as regards the specification of the active substance chlorothalonil (Text with EEA relevance) 2006/76/EC C.F.R. (2006))). According to the current FAO Specifications and Evaluations for Agricultural Pesticides, Chlorothalonil (2020)((FAO (2020): FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) Specifications and Evaluations for Chlorothalonil, [[http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/thematic-sitemap/theme/pests/jmps/ps-new/en/#C]])) continues to be reported at 40 mg/kg (see Table 1, p. 18). 
  
 For the years as of 2000, the specified maximum HCB concentrations in chlorothalonil differ considerably from pesticide to pesticide – in some cases despite the EU-regulation, the values differ from year to year for the same pesticide. For the year 2000 an interim value was calulated by linear interpolation. (170 mg/kg).  For the years as of 2000, the specified maximum HCB concentrations in chlorothalonil differ considerably from pesticide to pesticide – in some cases despite the EU-regulation, the values differ from year to year for the same pesticide. For the year 2000 an interim value was calulated by linear interpolation. (170 mg/kg). 
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-The data on lindane sales were compared by the BVL with historical data from the GDR statistics and published since 2020 (see Table II). For the years after 1997 no data are available because the application of lindane was phased out in 1998.+The data on lindane sales were compared by the BVL with historical data from the former GDR statistics and published since 2020 (see Table II). For the years after 1997 no data are available because the application of lindane was phased out in 1998.
  
  
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 While this results from the large quantities of chlorothalonil-containing pesticides sold, it is also due to the high chlorothalonil concentrations in such pesticides and to the high permitted maximum HCB concentrations (0.3 g/kg), in chlorothalonil as a technical active substance, that applied prior to 2000. Due to the revised data, changes in HCB quantities occur. While this results from the large quantities of chlorothalonil-containing pesticides sold, it is also due to the high chlorothalonil concentrations in such pesticides and to the high permitted maximum HCB concentrations (0.3 g/kg), in chlorothalonil as a technical active substance, that applied prior to 2000. Due to the revised data, changes in HCB quantities occur.
 +
 The maximum HCB quantity for picloram, in the period under consideration, were lower, respectively, than the relevant quantities for chlorothalonil. For this reason, fluctuations in sales of picloram have very little impact on maximum HCB quantities.The maximum HCB quantities used in the 2022 submission correspond to the emissions and are presented under the chapter 'Recalculations'. The maximum HCB quantity for picloram, in the period under consideration, were lower, respectively, than the relevant quantities for chlorothalonil. For this reason, fluctuations in sales of picloram have very little impact on maximum HCB quantities.The maximum HCB quantities used in the 2022 submission correspond to the emissions and are presented under the chapter 'Recalculations'.
  
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-The following chart give an overview of the emission trend of HCB (see Picture 1). HCB emissions were fully recalculated up to 1990. HCB emissions are mainly dominated by the share of chlorothalonil. According to the BVL (2021a), a possible explanation for the increase in HCB emissions from 2005 onwards would be the re-approval of "Bravo 500" in December 2004 against Septoria in wheat and then for the first time against Phytophthora in potatoes.+The following chart give an overview of the emission trend of HCB (see Picture 1). HCB emissions were fully recalculated up to 1990. HCB emissions are mainly dominated by the share of chlorothalonil. According to the BVL (2021a), a possible explanation for the increase in HCB emissions from 2005 onwards would be the re-approval of "Bravo 500" in December 2004 against Septoria in wheat and then for the first time against phytophthora in potatoes.
 It is possible that the first "sell-out" took place in 2014, as the end of approval for "Bravo 500" was originally 30.04.2016 with a sales deadline of 30.10.2016 and a phase-out period for users until 30.10.2017. It is possible that the first "sell-out" took place in 2014, as the end of approval for "Bravo 500" was originally 30.04.2016 with a sales deadline of 30.10.2016 and a phase-out period for users until 30.10.2017.
 The end of the EU active substance authorisation for chlorothalonil was later extended to 31.10.2018 and again to 31.10.2019, and with it the authorisations for the plant protection products in Germany. With the Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/677 23), the BVL revoked the last three approvals for plant protection products containing chlorothalonil on 31 October 2019((cf. BVL; 2019: BVL - Fachmeldungen - Widerruf der Zulassung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln mit dem Wirkstoff Chlorthalonil zum 31. Oktober 2019. (2019, 31. Oktober). Abgerufen am September 2021, von https://www.bvl.bund.de/SharedDocs/Fachmeldungen/04_pflanzenschutzmittel/2019/2019_06_19_Fa_Widerruf_Chlorthalonil.html)). A sell-off period until 30 April 2020 applied. Often, in the last years before the end of the approval, the remaining stocks are brought onto the market, which leads to higher sales than in previous years. The end of the EU active substance authorisation for chlorothalonil was later extended to 31.10.2018 and again to 31.10.2019, and with it the authorisations for the plant protection products in Germany. With the Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/677 23), the BVL revoked the last three approvals for plant protection products containing chlorothalonil on 31 October 2019((cf. BVL; 2019: BVL - Fachmeldungen - Widerruf der Zulassung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln mit dem Wirkstoff Chlorthalonil zum 31. Oktober 2019. (2019, 31. Oktober). Abgerufen am September 2021, von https://www.bvl.bund.de/SharedDocs/Fachmeldungen/04_pflanzenschutzmittel/2019/2019_06_19_Fa_Widerruf_Chlorthalonil.html)). A sell-off period until 30 April 2020 applied. Often, in the last years before the end of the approval, the remaining stocks are brought onto the market, which leads to higher sales than in previous years.
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 Recalculations were made for the complete time series due to the changes and new information given by the BVL for the amount of domestic sales of the active substances. The following Tables IV a) - c) show the differences between the data for submission 2021 and the current data and are given in tonnes per year and in percentage. Recalculations were made for the complete time series due to the changes and new information given by the BVL for the amount of domestic sales of the active substances. The following Tables IV a) - c) show the differences between the data for submission 2021 and the current data and are given in tonnes per year and in percentage.
  
-//Tables IV a) - c): Recalculation of the activity data: lindane, chlorthalonil and picloram.//+//Tables IV a) - c): Recalculation of the activity data: lindane, chlorothalonil and picloram.//
  
 a) a)
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 b) b)
 ^  Active Substance       ^  Unit  ^  2019  ^ ^  Active Substance       ^  Unit  ^  2019  ^
-| Chlorthalonil_SUB 2022  |  t     |  911.8 | +| Chlorothalonil_SUB 2022  |  t     |  911.8 | 
-| Chlorthalonil_SUB 2021  |  t     |  860.8 |+| Chlorothalonil_SUB 2021  |  t     |  860.8 |
 | Difference              |  t     |   50.9 | | Difference              |  t     |   50.9 |
 | Difference              |  %     |    5.9 | | Difference              |  %     |    5.9 |
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-^  Emissions     ^  Unit  ^  1990  ^  1991  ^  1992  ^  1993  ^  1994  ^  1995  ^  1996  ^  1997  ^  1998  ^  1999  ^ +^  Emissions    ^  Unit  ^  1990  ^  1991  ^  1992  ^  1993  ^  1994  ^  1995  ^  1996  ^  1997  ^  1998  ^  1999  ^ 
-| HCB_SUB 2022   |  kg    |  107.2 |  138.1 |   55.7 |   29.7 |   26.7 |     18 |   26.6 |   24.2 |    5.0 |   45.0 | +| HCB_SUB 2022  |  kg    |  107.2 |  138.1 |   55.7 |   29.7 |   26.7 |     18 |   26.6 |   24.2 |    5.0 |   45.0 | 
-| HCB_SUB 2021   |  kg    |  107.1 |    138 |   55.7 |   29.7 |   26.7 |     18 |   26.6 |   24.2 |    5.0 |   45.0 | +| HCB_SUB 2021  |  kg    |  107.1 |    138 |   55.7 |   29.7 |   26.7 |     18 |   26.6 |   24.2 |    5.0 |   45.0 | 
-| Difference     |  kg    |    0.1 |    0.1 |    0.1 |      0 |      0 |      0 |      0 |      0 |      0 |      0 | +| Difference    |  kg    |    0.1 |    0.1 |    0.1 |   0.04 |   0.03 |   0.01 |   0.02 |   0.01 |    0.0 |    0.0 | 
-| Difference     |  %     |    0.1 |    0.1 |    0.1 |    0.1 |    0.1 |    0.1 |    0.1 |    0.0 |    0.0 |    0.0 |+| Difference    |  %     |    0.1 |    0.1 |    0.1 |    0.1 |    0.1 |    0.1 |    0.1 |    0.0 |    0.0 |    0.0 |
  
 ^  Emissions    ^  Unit  ^  2000  ^  2001  ^  2002  ^  2003  ^  2004  ^  2005  ^  2006  ^  2007  ^  2008  ^  2009  ^ ^  Emissions    ^  Unit  ^  2000  ^  2001  ^  2002  ^  2003  ^  2004  ^  2005  ^  2006  ^  2007  ^  2008  ^  2009  ^
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 | Difference    |  kg    |      0 |      0 |      0 |      0 |      0 |   22.9 |   24.1 |   19.8 |   19.2 |   15.8 | | Difference    |  kg    |      0 |      0 |      0 |      0 |      0 |   22.9 |   24.1 |   19.8 |   19.2 |   15.8 |
 | Difference    |  %     |      0 |      0 |      0 |      0 |      0 |    200 |    200 |    200 |    200 |    300 | | Difference    |  %     |      0 |      0 |      0 |      0 |      0 |    200 |    200 |    200 |    200 |    300 |
-| Difference    |  %     |   18.6 |    0.8 |      1 |    9.6 |    1.6 |   34.3 |   36.2 |   29.6 |   28.8 |     21 | 
  
 ^  Emissions    ^  Unit  ^  2010  ^  2011  ^  2012  ^  2013  ^  2014  ^  2015  ^  2016  ^  2017  ^  2018  ^  2019  ^ ^  Emissions    ^  Unit  ^  2010  ^  2011  ^  2012  ^  2013  ^  2014  ^  2015  ^  2016  ^  2017  ^  2018  ^  2019  ^
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 ===== Planned improvements ===== ===== Planned improvements =====
- +According to the BVL, no maximum permitted HCB concentrations have ever been legally established for the technical active substances atrazine, simazine, lindane and clopyralid, nor are such limits in place today. Further information on the sales volumes of atrazine, simazine and cloparylide is now available but not included in the current submission. The method will be reviewed accordingly, adjusted and extended for the 2023 submission.
- +
-No improvements are planned for the next submissions.+