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sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:start [2022/03/22 09:57] – kotzullasector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:start [2024/11/06 14:47] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 ^ Ʃ 1.A.3.c              ^  460,326 ^  396,658 ^  398,870 ^  383,145 ^  401,277 ^  402,217 ^  409,516 ^  364,314 ^  371,248 ^  370,104 ^  376,876 ^  359,065 ^  354,970 ^  344,785 ^  317,282 ^  317,645 ^  307,916 ^  299,188 ^  279,184 ^ ^ Ʃ 1.A.3.c              ^  460,326 ^  396,658 ^  398,870 ^  383,145 ^  401,277 ^  402,217 ^  409,516 ^  364,314 ^  371,248 ^  370,104 ^  376,876 ^  359,065 ^  354,970 ^  344,785 ^  317,282 ^  317,645 ^  307,916 ^  299,188 ^  279,184 ^
  
-{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:1a3c_ad_liquid.png?600|Annual energy input from liquid fuels}} +{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:1a3c_ad_liquid.png?700|Annual energy input from liquid fuels }} 
-{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:1a3c_ad_solid.png?600|Annual energy input from solid fuels}}+{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:1a3c_ad_solid.png?700|Annual energy input from solid fuels }}
  
 Regarding particulate-matter and heavy-metal emissions from **abrasion and wear of contact line, braking systems, tyres on rails**, annual transport performances of railway vehicles with electrical and Diesel traction derived from Knörr et al. (2021a) [(KNOERR2021a)] are applied as activity data.  Regarding particulate-matter and heavy-metal emissions from **abrasion and wear of contact line, braking systems, tyres on rails**, annual transport performances of railway vehicles with electrical and Diesel traction derived from Knörr et al. (2021a) [(KNOERR2021a)] are applied as activity data. 
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 | **Hard coal coke**  |             4.00 |    0.50 |              120 |              500 |               15.0 |              15.0 |  15.0 |  0.96 |  1,000 | | **Hard coal coke**  |             4.00 |    0.50 |              120 |              500 |               15.0 |              15.0 |  15.0 |  0.96 |  1,000 |
  
-__Table 4: Country-specific emission factors for abrasive emissions, in g/km__+__Table 5: Country-specific emission factors for abrasive emissions, in g/km__
 ^                                 ^  PM<sub>2.5</sub>  ^  PM<sub>10</sub>  ^  TSP     ^  BC  ^  Pb  ^  Cd  ^  Hg  ^  As  ^  Cr      ^  Cu      ^  Ni      ^  Se  ^  Zn  ^ ^                                 ^  PM<sub>2.5</sub>  ^  PM<sub>10</sub>  ^  TSP     ^  BC  ^  Pb  ^  Cd  ^  Hg  ^  As  ^  Cr      ^  Cu      ^  Ni      ^  Se  ^  Zn  ^
 ^ Contact line <sup>1</sup>       |            0.00016 |           0.00032 |  0.00032 |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA      |  0.00033 |  NA      |  NA  |  NA  | ^ Contact line <sup>1</sup>       |            0.00016 |           0.00032 |  0.00032 |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA  |  NA      |  0.00033 |  NA      |  NA  |  NA  |
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 ===== Discussion of emission trends ===== ===== Discussion of emission trends =====
    
-__Table: Outcome of Key Category Analysis__+__Table 6: Outcome of Key Category Analysis__
 |  for: ^  NO<sub>x</sub>  ^  TSP    ^  PM<sub>10</sub>  ^  PM<sub>2.5</sub>  ^ |  for: ^  NO<sub>x</sub>  ^  TSP    ^  PM<sub>10</sub>  ^  PM<sub>2.5</sub>  ^
 |   by: |  Trend           |  Level  |  L/-              |  L/-               | |   by: |  Trend           |  Level  |  L/-              |  L/-               |
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 Therefore, for the **main pollutants**, **carbon monoxide**, **particulate matter** and **PAHs**, emission trends show remarkable jumps especially after 1995 that result from the significantly higher amounts of solid fuels used. Therefore, for the **main pollutants**, **carbon monoxide**, **particulate matter** and **PAHs**, emission trends show remarkable jumps especially after 1995 that result from the significantly higher amounts of solid fuels used.
  
-{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:1a3c_em_nh3.png?700 }} +{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:1a3c_em_nh3.png?700|Annual ammonia emissions }} 
-{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:1a3c_em_nox.png?700 }}+{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:1a3c_em_nox.png?700|Annual notrogen oxides emissions }}
  
 For all fractions of **particulate matter**, the majority of emissions generally result from abrasion and wear and the combustion of diesel fuels. Additional jumps in the over-all trend result from the use of lignite briquettes (1996-2001). Here, as the EF(BC) for fuel combustion are estimated via fractions provided in [(EMEPEEA2019)], black carbon emissions follow the corresponding emissions of PM<sub>2.5</sub>.  For all fractions of **particulate matter**, the majority of emissions generally result from abrasion and wear and the combustion of diesel fuels. Additional jumps in the over-all trend result from the use of lignite briquettes (1996-2001). Here, as the EF(BC) for fuel combustion are estimated via fractions provided in [(EMEPEEA2019)], black carbon emissions follow the corresponding emissions of PM<sub>2.5</sub>. 
  
-{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:1a3c_em_pm.png?700  }} +{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:1a3c_em_pm.png?700|Annual particulate matter emissions }} 
-{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:1a3c_em_pm10.png?700 }}+{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:1a3c_em_pm10.png?700|Annual PM10 emissions }}
  
 Due to fuel-sulphur legislation, the trend of **sulphur dioxide** emissions follows not only the trend in fuel consumption but also reflects the impact of regulated fuel-qualities. Due to fuel-sulphur legislation, the trend of **sulphur dioxide** emissions follows not only the trend in fuel consumption but also reflects the impact of regulated fuel-qualities.
 For the years as of 2005, sulphur emissions from diesel combustion have decreased so strongly, that the over-all trend shows a slight increase again due to the now dominating contribution of sulphur from the use of solid fuels. For the years as of 2005, sulphur emissions from diesel combustion have decreased so strongly, that the over-all trend shows a slight increase again due to the now dominating contribution of sulphur from the use of solid fuels.
  
-{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:1a3c_em_so2.png?700 }}+{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:1a3c_em_so2.png?700|Annual sulphur oxides emissions }}
  
 Regarding **heavy metals**, emissions from combustion of diesel oil and from abrasion and wear are estimated from tier1 default emission factors.  Regarding **heavy metals**, emissions from combustion of diesel oil and from abrasion and wear are estimated from tier1 default emission factors. 
 Therefore, the emission trends reflect the development of diesel use and - for copper, chromium and nickel emissions resulting from the abrasion & wear of contact line and braking systems - the annual transport performance (see description of activity data above). Therefore, the emission trends reflect the development of diesel use and - for copper, chromium and nickel emissions resulting from the abrasion & wear of contact line and braking systems - the annual transport performance (see description of activity data above).
  
-{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:1a3c_em_cd.png?700 }} +{{:sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:1a3c_em_cu.png?700|Annual copper emissions }}
-{{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:1a3c_em_cu.png?700 }}+
  
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 Furthermore, the use of wood in historic steam locomotives has been taken into account and resulting **emissions of HCB and PCBs are reported for the  first time**. Furthermore, the use of wood in historic steam locomotives has been taken into account and resulting **emissions of HCB and PCBs are reported for the  first time**.
  
-<WRAP center round info 60%> + 
-For more information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2019, please see the pollutant-specific recalculation tables following chapter [[general:recalculations:start | 8.1 - Recalculations]].+<WRAP center round info 65%> 
 +For **pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2019**, please see the recalculation tables following [[general:recalculations:start|chapter 8.1 - Recalculations]].
 </WRAP> </WRAP>