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| sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:start [2022/01/26 09:01] – kotzulla | sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways:start [2022/03/22 12:07] (current) – [Recalculations] kotzulla | ||
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| In category //1.A.3.c - Railways//, emissions from fuel combustion in German railways and from the related abrasion and wear of contact line, braking systems and tyres on rails are reported. | In category //1.A.3.c - Railways//, emissions from fuel combustion in German railways and from the related abrasion and wear of contact line, braking systems and tyres on rails are reported. | ||
| - | ^ Category Code ^ Method | + | ^ Category Code ^ Method |
| - | | 1.A.3.c | + | | 1.A.3.c |
| - | ^ | + | ^ |
| - | | 1.A.3.c | + | | Key Category: |
| {{page> | {{page> | ||
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| __Table 1: Overview of activity-data sources for domestic fuel sales to railway operators__ | __Table 1: Overview of activity-data sources for domestic fuel sales to railway operators__ | ||
| - | ^ **Activity** ^ **data source / quality of activity data** ^ | + | ^ Activity ^ data source / quality of activity data ^ |
| - | | **combustion of:** || | + | | combustion of: || |
| | Diesel oil | 1990-2004: NEB lines 74 and 61: ' | | Diesel oil | 1990-2004: NEB lines 74 and 61: ' | ||
| | Biodiesel | calculated from official blending rates | | | Biodiesel | calculated from official blending rates | | ||
| Line 53: | Line 53: | ||
| __Table 3: Annual transport performance, | __Table 3: Annual transport performance, | ||
| - | | ^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 ^ 2005 ^ 2006 ^ 2007 ^ 2008 ^ 2009 ^ 2010 ^ 2011 ^ 2012 ^ 2013 ^ 2014 ^ 2015 ^ 2016 ^ 2017 ^ 2018 ^ 2019 ^ 2020 ^ | + | | ^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 ^ 2005 ^ 2006 ^ 2007 ^ 2008 ^ 2009 ^ 2010 ^ 2011 ^ 2012 ^ 2013 ^ 2014 ^ 2015 ^ 2016 ^ 2017 ^ 2018 ^ 2019 ^ 2020 ^ |
| - | | **Electric | + | | **Diesel |
| - | | **Diesel | + | | **Electric |
| - | ^ Ʃ 1.A.3.c | + | ^ Ʃ 1.A.3.c |
| - | {{ : | + | {{: |
| - | {{ : | + | {{: |
| Regarding particulate-matter and heavy-metal emissions from **abrasion and wear of contact line, braking systems, tyres on rails**, annual transport performances of railway vehicles with electrical and Diesel traction derived from Knörr et al. (2021a) [(KNOERR2021a)] are applied as activity data. | Regarding particulate-matter and heavy-metal emissions from **abrasion and wear of contact line, braking systems, tyres on rails**, annual transport performances of railway vehicles with electrical and Diesel traction derived from Knörr et al. (2021a) [(KNOERR2021a)] are applied as activity data. | ||
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| __Table 3: Annual country-specific emission factors for diesel fuels< | __Table 3: Annual country-specific emission factors for diesel fuels< | ||
| - | | | **1990** | **1995** | **2000** | **2005** | **2010** | **2011** | **2012** | **2013** | **2014** | **2015** | **2016** | **2017** | **2018** | **2019** | **2020** | | + | | ^ |
| - | ^ NH< | + | ^ NH< |
| - | ^ NMVOC | + | ^ NMVOC |
| - | ^ NO< | + | ^ NO< |
| - | ^ SO< | + | ^ SO< |
| - | ^ BC< | + | ^ BC< |
| - | ^ PM | | + | ^ PM | |
| - | ^ CO | 287 | 292 | 255 | 162 | 121 | 121 | 105 | 101 | | + | ^ CO | 287 | 292 | 255 | 162 | 121 | 121 | 105 | 101 | |
| < | < | ||
| < | < | ||
| Line 97: | Line 97: | ||
| | **Hard coal coke** | | **Hard coal coke** | ||
| - | __Table | + | __Table |
| - | ^ | + | ^ |
| - | ^ Contact line < | + | ^ Contact line < |
| - | ^ Tyres on rails < | + | ^ Tyres on rails < |
| - | ^ Braking system < | + | ^ Braking system < |
| - | ^ Current collector < | + | ^ Current collector < |
| < | < | ||
| < | < | ||
| Line 119: | Line 119: | ||
| ===== Discussion of emission trends ===== | ===== Discussion of emission trends ===== | ||
| - | __Table: Outcome of Key Category Analysis__ | + | __Table |
| | for: ^ NO< | | for: ^ NO< | ||
| | by: | Trend | | by: | Trend | ||
| Line 128: | Line 128: | ||
| Therefore, for the **main pollutants**, | Therefore, for the **main pollutants**, | ||
| - | {{ : | + | {{: |
| - | {{ : | + | {{: |
| For all fractions of **particulate matter**, the majority of emissions generally result from abrasion and wear and the combustion of diesel fuels. Additional jumps in the over-all trend result from the use of lignite briquettes (1996-2001). Here, as the EF(BC) for fuel combustion are estimated via fractions provided in [(EMEPEEA2019)], | For all fractions of **particulate matter**, the majority of emissions generally result from abrasion and wear and the combustion of diesel fuels. Additional jumps in the over-all trend result from the use of lignite briquettes (1996-2001). Here, as the EF(BC) for fuel combustion are estimated via fractions provided in [(EMEPEEA2019)], | ||
| - | {{ : | + | {{: |
| - | {{ : | + | {{: |
| Due to fuel-sulphur legislation, | Due to fuel-sulphur legislation, | ||
| For the years as of 2005, sulphur emissions from diesel combustion have decreased so strongly, that the over-all trend shows a slight increase again due to the now dominating contribution of sulphur from the use of solid fuels. | For the years as of 2005, sulphur emissions from diesel combustion have decreased so strongly, that the over-all trend shows a slight increase again due to the now dominating contribution of sulphur from the use of solid fuels. | ||
| - | {{ : | + | {{: |
| Regarding **heavy metals**, emissions from combustion of diesel oil and from abrasion and wear are estimated from tier1 default emission factors. | Regarding **heavy metals**, emissions from combustion of diesel oil and from abrasion and wear are estimated from tier1 default emission factors. | ||
| Therefore, the emission trends reflect the development of diesel use and - for copper, chromium and nickel emissions resulting from the abrasion & wear of contact line and braking systems - the annual transport performance (see description of activity data above). | Therefore, the emission trends reflect the development of diesel use and - for copper, chromium and nickel emissions resulting from the abrasion & wear of contact line and braking systems - the annual transport performance (see description of activity data above). | ||
| - | {{ : | + | {{: |
| - | {{ : | + | |
| \\ | \\ | ||
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| ===== Recalculations ===== | ===== Recalculations ===== | ||
| - | Given the revised NEB 2019, both the**activity data** | + | Given the revised NEB 2019, both the **activity data** |
| In addition, the amounts of solid fuels used in steam locomotives has been revised widely based on a study carried out in 2021. | In addition, the amounts of solid fuels used in steam locomotives has been revised widely based on a study carried out in 2021. | ||
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| ^ relative change | ^ relative change | ||
| + | Furthermore, | ||
| - | <WRAP center round info 60%> | + | |
| - | For more information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2019, please see the pollutant-specific | + | <WRAP center round info 65%> |
| + | For **pollutant-specific | ||
| </ | </ | ||
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| **//Why are similar EF applied for estimating exhaust heavy metal emissions from both fossil and biofuels?// | **//Why are similar EF applied for estimating exhaust heavy metal emissions from both fossil and biofuels?// | ||
| - | The EF provided in [((bibcite 5))] represent summatory values for (i) the fuel's and (ii) the lubricant' | + | The EF provided in the 2019 EMEP/EEA Guidebook |
| [(AGEB2021> | [(AGEB2021> | ||