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sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways [2021/01/14 23:50] – [Table] kotzullasector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:railways [2021/01/15 20:46] – kotzulla
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-=== Short description ===+====== 1.A.3.c - Transport: Railways ====== 
 + 
 +===== Short description =====
  
 In category //1.A.3.c - Railways//, emissions from fuel combustion in German railways and from the related abrasion and wear of contact line, braking systems and tyres on rails are reported.  In category //1.A.3.c - Railways//, emissions from fuel combustion in German railways and from the related abrasion and wear of contact line, braking systems and tyres on rails are reported. 
  
-^ Method ^ AD ^ EF ^ Key Category ^ +^  Method  ^  AD     ^  EF        ^  Key Category                                                                          ^ 
-| T1, T2 | NS, M | CS, D, M | **L**: TSP, PM,,2.5,,, **L & T**: PM,,10,,, PM,,2.5,,, **L**: TSP |+|  T1, T2  |  NS, M  |  CS, D, M  |  **L**: TSP, PM<sub>2.5</sub>, **L&T**: PM<sub>10</sub>, PM<sub>2.5</sub>, **L**: TSP  | 
 + 
 +{{page>general:Misc:LegendEIT:start}}
  
 Germany's railway sector is undergoing a long-term modernisation process, aimed at making electricity the main energy source for rail transports. Use of electricity, instead of diesel fuel, to power locomotives has been continually increased, and electricity now provides 80% of all railway traction power. Railways' power stations for generation of traction current are allocated to the stationary component of the energy sector (1.A.1.a) and are not included in the further description that follows here. In energy input for trains of German railways, diesel fuel is the only energy source that plays a significant role apart from electric power.  Germany's railway sector is undergoing a long-term modernisation process, aimed at making electricity the main energy source for rail transports. Use of electricity, instead of diesel fuel, to power locomotives has been continually increased, and electricity now provides 80% of all railway traction power. Railways' power stations for generation of traction current are allocated to the stationary component of the energy sector (1.A.1.a) and are not included in the further description that follows here. In energy input for trains of German railways, diesel fuel is the only energy source that plays a significant role apart from electric power. 
  
-=== Method ===+===== Method =====
  
-== Activity Data ==+=== Activity Data ===
  
 Basically, total inland deliveries of //diesel oil// are available from the National Energy Balances (NEBs) (AGEB, 2019) [((bibcite 1))]. This data is based upon sales data of the Association of the German Petroleum Industry (MWV) [((bibcite 2))]. As a recent revision of MWV data on diesel oil sales for the years 2005 to 2009 has not yet been adopted to the respective NEBs, this original MWV data has been used for this five years.  Basically, total inland deliveries of //diesel oil// are available from the National Energy Balances (NEBs) (AGEB, 2019) [((bibcite 1))]. This data is based upon sales data of the Association of the German Petroleum Industry (MWV) [((bibcite 2))]. As a recent revision of MWV data on diesel oil sales for the years 2005 to 2009 has not yet been adopted to the respective NEBs, this original MWV data has been used for this five years. 
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 __Table 2: Annual fuel consumption in German railways, in terajoules__ __Table 2: Annual fuel consumption in German railways, in terajoules__
-||= ||= **1990** ||= **1995** ||= **2000** ||= **2005** ||= **2010** ||= **2011** ||= **2012** ||= **2013** ||= **2014** ||= **2015** ||= **2016** ||= **2017** ||= **2018** ||= +|                         |  **1990**  |  **1995**  |  **2000**  |  **2005**  |  **2010**  |  **2011**  |  **2012**  |  **2013**  |  **2014**  |  **2015**  |  **2016**  |  **2017**  |  **2018**  | **2019**  | 
-||~ Diesel Oil ||> 38,458 ||> 31,054 ||> 25,410 ||> 18,142 ||> 14,626 ||> 14,730 ||> 13,514 ||> 13,771 ||> 12,283 ||> 13,321 ||> 13,775 ||> 11,344 ||> 10,961 ||> +| **Diesel Oil**          |     38,458 |     31,054 |     25,410 |     18,142 |     14,626 |     14,730 |     13,514 |     13,771 |     12,283 |     13,321 |     13,775 |     11,344 |     10,961 |           | 
-||~ Biodiesel ||> 0 ||> 0 ||> 0 ||> 397 ||> 949 ||> 966 ||> 882 ||> 798 ||> 745 ||> 720 ||> 724 ||> 602 ||> 633 ||> +| **Biodiesel**           |          0 |          0 |          0 |        397 |        949 |        966 |        882 |        798 |        745 |        720 |        724 |        602 |        633 |           | 
-|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||  +^ Liquids TOTAL      ^     38,458 ^     31,054 ^     25,410 ^     18,539 ^     15,575 ^     15,696 ^     14,396 ^     14,569 ^     13,028 ^     14,041 ^     14,499 ^     11,946 ^     11,594 ^           ^ 
-||~ **Liquids TOTAL** ||> 38,458 ||> 31,054 ||> 25,410 ||> 18,539 ||> 15,575 ||> 15,696 ||> 14,396 ||> 14,569 ||> 13,028 ||> 14,041 ||> 14,499 ||> 11,946 ||> 11,594 ||> +| **Lignite Briquettes**  |       0.00 |       0.00 |     431.00 |       0.00 |       0.00 |       0.00 |       0.00 |       0.00 |       0.00 |       0.00 |       0.00 |       0.00 |       0.00 |           | 
-||~ Lignite Briquettes ||> 0.00 ||> 0.00 ||> 431.00 ||> 0.00 ||> 0.00 ||> 0.00 ||> 0.00 ||> 0.00 ||> 0.00 ||> 0.00 ||> 0.00 ||> 0.00 ||> 0.00 ||> +| **Raw Lignite**         |       0.00 |       0.00 |       0.00 |       0.00 |       0.00 |       0.00 |       0.00 |       0.00 |       0.00 |       0.00 |       0.00 |       0.00 |       0.00 |           | 
-||~ Raw Lignite ||> 0.00 ||> 0.00 ||> 0.00 ||> 0.00 ||> 0.00 ||> 0.00 ||> 0.00 ||> 0.00 ||> 0.00 ||> 0.00 ||> 0.00 ||> 0.00 ||> 0.00 ||> +| **Hard Coal**           |        576 |        250 |        250 |        255 |        314 |        345 |        357 |        352 |        341 |        339 |        340 |        340 |        340 |           | 
-||~ Hard Coal ||> 576 ||> 250 ||> 250 ||> 255 ||> 314 ||> 345 ||> 357 ||> 352 ||> 341 ||> 339 ||> 340 ||> 340 ||> 340 ||> +| **Hard Coal Coke**      |          0 |         86 |          1 |          1 |          1 |          1 |          1 |          1 |          1 |          1 |          1 |          1 |          1 |           | 
-||~ Hard Coal Coke ||> 0 ||> 86 ||> 1 ||> 1 ||> 1 ||> 1 ||> 1 ||> 1 ||> 1 ||> 1 ||> 1 ||> 1 ||> 1 ||> +^ Solids TOTAL        ^        576 ^        336 ^        682 ^        256 ^        315 ^        346 ^        357 ^        353 ^        342 ^        340 ^        341 ^        341 ^        341 ^           ^ 
-|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ||  +^ Ʃ 1.A.3.c           ^     39,034 ^     31,390 ^     26,092 ^     18,795 ^     15,890 ^     16,041 ^     14,754 ^     14,921 ^     13,370 ^     14,381 ^     14,839 ^     12,287 ^     11,934 ^           ^
-|| **Solids TOTAL** ||> 576 ||> 336 ||> 682 ||> 256 ||> 315 ||> 346 ||> 357 ||> 353 ||> 342 ||> 340 ||> 341 ||> 341 ||> 341 ||> +
-|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| || +
-|| **Ʃ 1.A.3.c** ||~ 39,034 ||~ 31,390 ||~ 26,092 ||~ 18,795 ||~ 15,890 ||~ 16,041 ||~ 14,754 ||~ 14,921 ||~ 13,370 ||~ 14,381 ||~ 14,839 ||~ 12,287 ||~ 11,934 ||~+
  
 The use of other fuels – such as vegetable oils or gas – in private narrow-gauge railway vehicles has not been included to date and may still be considered negligible.  The use of other fuels – such as vegetable oils or gas – in private narrow-gauge railway vehicles has not been included to date and may still be considered negligible. 
          
 __Table 3: Annual transport performance, in Mio tkm (ton-kilometers)__ __Table 3: Annual transport performance, in Mio tkm (ton-kilometers)__
-||= ||= **1990** ||= **1995** ||= **2000** ||= **2005** ||= **2010** ||= **2011** ||= **2012** ||= **2013** ||= **2014** ||= **2015** ||= **2016** ||= **2017** ||= **2018** ||= +|                        |  **1990**  |  **1995**  |  **2000**  |  **2005**  |  **2010**  |  **2011**  |  **2012**  |  **2013**  |  **2014**  |  **2015**  |  **2016**  |  **2017**  |  **2018**  | **2019**  | 
-||~ Electric Traction ||> 361,515 ||> 337,853 ||> 361,633 ||> 356,605 ||> 344,546 ||> 342,701 ||> 350,085 ||> 335,298 ||> 331,235 ||> 323,387 ||> 295,798 ||> 296,280 ||> 288,336 ||= +| **Electric Traction**  |    361,515 |    337,853 |    361,633 |    356,605 |    344,546 |    342,701 |    350,085 |    335,298 |    331,235 |    323,387 |    295,798 |    296,280 |    288,336 |           | 
-||~ Diesel Traction ||> 98,812 ||> 58,805 ||> 37,237 ||> 26,540 ||> 26,702 ||> 27,403 ||> 26,791 ||> 23,768 ||> 23,734 ||> 21,397 ||> 21,484 ||> 21,365 ||> 19,580 ||= +| **Diesel Traction**    |     98,812 |     58,805 |     37,237 |     26,540 |     26,702 |     27,403 |     26,791 |     23,768 |     23,734 |     21,397 |     21,484 |     21,365 |     19,580 |           | 
-|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| || +^ Ʃ 1.A.3.c          ^    460,326 ^    396,658 ^    398,870 ^    383,145 ^    371,248 ^    370,104 ^    376,876 ^    359,065 ^    354,970 ^    344,785 ^    317,282 ^    317,645 ^    307,916 ^           ^ 
-|| **Ʃ 1.A.3.c** ||~ 460,326 ||~ 396,658 ||~ 398,870 ||~ 383,145 ||~ 371,248 ||~ 370,104 ||~ 376,876 ||~ 359,065 ||~ 354,970 ||~ 344,785 ||~ 317,282 ||~ 317,645 ||~ 307,916 ||~+
  
 [[gallery size="medium"]] [[gallery size="medium"]]
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 Regarding particulate-matter and heavy-metal emissions from **abrasion and wear of contact line, braking systems, tyres on rails**, annual transport performances of railway vehicles with electrical and Diesel traction derived from Knörr et al. (2019a) [((bibcite 5))] are applied as activity data.  Regarding particulate-matter and heavy-metal emissions from **abrasion and wear of contact line, braking systems, tyres on rails**, annual transport performances of railway vehicles with electrical and Diesel traction derived from Knörr et al. (2019a) [((bibcite 5))] are applied as activity data. 
  
-+ Emission factors+=== Emission factors ===
  
 The (implied) emission factors used here for estimating **emissions from diesel fuel combustion** of very different quality:  The (implied) emission factors used here for estimating **emissions from diesel fuel combustion** of very different quality: 
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 __Table 4: Emission factors applied for solid fuels, in kg/TJ__ __Table 4: Emission factors applied for solid fuels, in kg/TJ__
-||= ||= **NH,,3,,**  ||= **NMVOC** ||= **NO,,x,,** ||= **SO,,x,,** ||= **PM,,2.5,,** ||= **PM,,10,,** ||= **TSP** ||= **BC** ||= **CO** ||= +^                     ^  **NH<sub>3</sub>**  ^  **NMVOC**  ^  **NO,,x,,**  ^  **SO,,x,,**  ^  **PM,,2.5,,**  ^  **PM,,10,,**  ^  **TSP**  ^  **BC**  ^  **CO**  ^ 
-||~ Hard coal ||> 4.00 ||> 15.0 ||> 120 ||> 650 ||> 222 ||> 250 ||> 278 ||> 14.2 ||> 500 ||> +| **Hard coal**       |                 4.00 |        15.0 |           120 |           650 |             222 |            250 |       278 |     14.2 |      500 | 
-||~ Hard coal coke ||> 4.00 ||> 0.50 ||> 120 ||> 500 ||> 15.0 ||> 15.0 ||> 15.0 ||> 0.96 ||> 1,000 ||>+| **Hard coal coke**  |                 4.00 |        0.50 |           120 |           500 |            15.0 |           15.0 |      15.0 |     0.96 |    1,000 |
  
 __Table 4: Country-specific emission factors for abrasive emissions, in g/km__ __Table 4: Country-specific emission factors for abrasive emissions, in g/km__
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 [[/gallery]] [[/gallery]]
  
-+ __Recalculations__+===== Recalculations =====
  
-**Activity data** 
  
-Given the revised NEB 2017, both the activity data fo diesel oil and the annual amounts of blended biodiesel were revised accordingly.+Given the revised NEB 2018, both the**activity data** fo diesel oil and the annual amounts of blended biodiesel were revised accordingly.
  
 __Table 5: Revised 2017 fuel consumption, in terajoule__ __Table 5: Revised 2017 fuel consumption, in terajoule__
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-**Emission factors** +Due to the routine revision of the TREMOD model [((bibcite 5))], tier2 **emission factors** changed for recent years. 
- +
-Due to the routine revision of the TREMOD model [((bibcite 5))], tier2 emission factors changed for recent years. +
 Here, the revision results mainly from the consideration of revised NCvs for diesel oil as provided by the AGEB. Here, the revision results mainly from the consideration of revised NCvs for diesel oil as provided by the AGEB.
  
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 ||~ relative change ||> -0.05% ||> -0.48% ||> -0.76% ||> -1.66% ||> -4.75% ||> -6.31% ||> -6.42% ||> -3.46% ||> -2.24% ||> -4.74% ||> -5.78% ||> -4.93% ||> -2.38% ||= ||~ relative change ||> -0.05% ||> -0.48% ||> -0.76% ||> -1.66% ||> -4.75% ||> -6.31% ||> -6.42% ||> -3.46% ||> -2.24% ||> -4.74% ||> -5.78% ||> -4.93% ||> -2.38% ||=
  
-> For more information on **recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2017**, please see the pollutant-specific recalculation tables following chapter [[[recalculations | 8.1 - Recalculations]]]. 
  
-+ __Uncertainties__+<WRAP center round tip 60%> 
 +For more information on **recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2018**, please see the pollutant-specific recalculation tables following chapter [[General:Recalculations | 8.1 - Recalculations]]. 
 +</WRAP> 
 + 
 + 
 + 
 +=== Uncertainties ===
  
 Uncertainty estimates for **activity data** of mobile sources derive from research project FKZ 360 16 023 (title: "Ermittlung der Unsicherheiten der mit den Modellen TREMOD und TREMOD-MM berechneten Luftschadstoffemissionen des landgebundenen Verkehrs in Deutschland") carried out by Knörr et al. (2009) [((bibcite 7))]. Uncertainty estimates for **activity data** of mobile sources derive from research project FKZ 360 16 023 (title: "Ermittlung der Unsicherheiten der mit den Modellen TREMOD und TREMOD-MM berechneten Luftschadstoffemissionen des landgebundenen Verkehrs in Deutschland") carried out by Knörr et al. (2009) [((bibcite 7))].
  
-+ __Planned improvements__ +=== Planned improvements === 
  
 Besides the scheduled **routine revision** of TREMOD, no further improvements are planned for the next annual submission. Besides the scheduled **routine revision** of TREMOD, no further improvements are planned for the next annual submission.
  
-+ __FAQs__+=== FAQs ===
  
 **//Why are similar EF applied for estimating exhaust heavy metal emissions from both fossil and biofuels?//** **//Why are similar EF applied for estimating exhaust heavy metal emissions from both fossil and biofuels?//**