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sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:road_transport:abrasive_emissions_from_road_vehicles:tyre_and_brake_wear [2021/02/22 11:21] – [Short description] Key Category updated: BC, Pb,TSP, PM2.5 only L (was L/T) gniffke | sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:road_transport:abrasive_emissions_from_road_vehicles:tyre_and_brake_wear [2022/01/27 07:04] – [Recalculations] kotzulla | ||
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^ Category Code ^ Method | ^ Category Code ^ Method | ||
| 1.A.3.b vi | | 1.A.3.b vi | ||
- | ^ Key Category | + | ^ Key Category |
| 1.A.3.b vi | - | - | - | - | - | L/- | L/- | - | -/- | - | | 1.A.3.b vi | - | - | - | - | - | L/- | L/- | - | -/- | - | ||
+ | |||
===== Methodology ===== | ===== Methodology ===== | ||
- | === Activity data === | + | ==== Activity data ==== |
Abrasive emissions from tyre and brake wear are estimated based on vehicle-type specific mileage data. | Abrasive emissions from tyre and brake wear are estimated based on vehicle-type specific mileage data. | ||
Line 17: | Line 18: | ||
For detailed mileage data, please see [[sector: | For detailed mileage data, please see [[sector: | ||
- | === Emission factors === | + | ==== Emission factors |
- | The tier1 emission | + | __Table 1: Emission |
+ | | | ||
+ | | ::: | ::: ^ **PCs** | ||
+ | ^ BC | [mg/km] | 1,07 | ||
+ | ^ PM< | ||
+ | ^ PM< | ||
+ | ^ TSP | ::: | 10,7 | ||
+ | ^ Pb | [µg/ | ||
+ | ^ Hg | ::: | 0 | 0 | ||
+ | ^ Cd | ::: | 0,05 | ||
+ | ^ As | ::: | 0,04 | ||
+ | ^ Cr | ::: | 0,26 | ||
+ | ^ Cu | ::: | 1,86 | ||
+ | ^ Ni | ::: | 0,32 | ||
+ | ^ Se | ::: | 0,21 | ||
+ | ^ Zn | ::: | 79,5 | ||
+ | ^ B[a]P | ::: | 0,032 | 0,049 | ||
+ | ^ B[b]F | ::: | 0,038 | 0,063 | ||
+ | ^ B[k]F | ::: | 0 | 0 | ||
+ | ^ I[..]P | ||
+ | ^ ∑ PAHs 1-4 | ::: | 0,090 | 0,140 | ||
- | [!-- | + | =====Discussion |
- | The tier1 emission factors used here have been derived within a literature study in 2006. During this study, average amounts of particulate wear per km and for different types of brakes or tyres ( = EF< | + | |
- | + | ||
- | [[math]] | + | |
- | \begin{gather} | + | |
- | EM(PM)_\text{ annual, type of vehicle} | + | |
- | \end{gather} | + | |
- | [[/math]] | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | __Table 1: Average wear rates [mg TSP / vehicle km] for different types of road vehicles__ | + | |
- | || ||||= **Ø Wear rate for...** ||= | + | |
- | ||= **Vehicle type** ||= **...tyres** ||= **...brakes** ||= | + | |
- | ||~ | + | |
- | ||~ Motorcycles ||> | + | |
- | ||~ Mopeds ||> | + | |
- | ||~ Light Duty Vehicles ||> | + | |
- | ||~ Heavy Duty Vehicles ||> | + | |
- | || thereof: Trucks ||> | + | |
- | || thereof: Buses ||> | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Based on average contents | + | |
- | + | ||
- | [[math]] | + | |
- | \begin{gather} | + | |
- | EF(HM)_\text{ per km, type of vehicle} | + | |
- | \end{gather} | + | |
- | [[/math]] | + | |
- | + | ||
- | __Table 2: Average heavy metal contents [mg HM / kg TSP] in particulate matter from tyre and brake wear__ | + | |
- | || ||||||||||= **Ø HM content in particulate matter from...** ||= | + | |
- | || ||= **...tyre wear** ||||||||= **…brake wear** ||= | + | |
- | ||= **HM** ||= all vehicles ||= PC & LDV ||= HDV: | + | |
- | ||~ Cd ||> | + | |
- | ||~ Pb ||> | + | |
- | ||~ Hg ||> | + | |
- | ||~ As ||> | + | |
- | ||~ Cr ||> | + | |
- | ||~ Cu ||> | + | |
- | ||~ Ni ||> | + | |
- | ||~ Se ||> | + | |
- | ||~ Zn ||> | + | |
- | ||~ Zn ||> | + | |
- | ^^1^^ for PCs, LDVs and MTWs | + | |
- | ^^2^^ for all HDVs | + | |
- | + | ||
- | From these PM-based emission factors, emission estimates for HM and PAHs are estimated as follows: | + | |
- | + | ||
- | [[math]] | + | |
- | \begin{gather} | + | |
- | EM(HM)_\text{ annual, type of vehicle} | + | |
- | \end{gather} | + | |
- | [[/math]] | + | |
- | + | ||
- | In contrast to passenger cars, LDVs and HDVs, as there are no aggregate HM or PAH contents available for motorized two-wheelers as a whole but for mopeds and motorcycels separately, and as estimates have to be provided as sum for all motorized two-wheelers (MTWs) within the NFR tables, the emission factors applied here represent annual implied values. | + | |
- | These IEFs display weighted values calculated from the named specific tier1 EFs for mopeds and motorcycles and the annual mileages for both kind of motorized two-wheelers. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | [[math]] | + | |
- | \begin{gather} | + | |
- | IEF_\text{ annual, MTWs} = (EF_\text{ mopeds} | + | |
- | \end{gather} | + | |
- | [[/math]] | + | |
- | + | ||
- | Here, as the //mopeds : motorcycles// | + | |
- | --] | + | |
- | + | ||
- | __Table 1: Default emission factors applied__ | + | |
- | ||~ Source ||||||||||= **Tyre Wear** ||||||||||= **Brake Wear** ||= | + | |
- | ||~ Vehicle Type ||= **PCs** ||= **LDVs** ||= **HDVs** ||= **Buses** ||= **MTWs**^^1^^ ||= **PCs** ||= **LDVs** ||= **HDVs** ||= **Buses** ||= **MTWs**^^1^^||= | + | |
- | ||||||||||||||||||||||< | + | |
- | ||< | + | |
- | ||< | + | |
- | ||< | + | |
- | ||< | + | |
- | ||||||||||||||||||||||< | + | |
- | ||< | + | |
- | ||< | + | |
- | ||< | + | |
- | ||||||||||||||||||||||< | + | |
- | ||< | + | |
- | ||< | + | |
- | ||< | + | |
- | ||< | + | |
- | ||< | + | |
- | ||< | + | |
- | |||||||||||||||||||||| **POPs** || | + | |
- | ||< PCDD/ | + | |
- | ||||||||||||||||||||||< | + | |
- | ||< | + | |
- | ||< | + | |
- | ||< | + | |
- | ||< | + | |
- | ||< ∑ PAHs 1-4 ||> | + | |
- | ^^1^^ similar EF apllied to mopeds and motorcycles | + | |
- | + | ||
- | [!-- | + | |
- | ||~ Material | + | |
- | ||~ Vehicle type ||= **PCs** ||= **LDVs** ||= **HDVs** ||= **Buses** ||= **MTWs^^1^^** ||= **PCs** ||= **LDVs** ||= **HDVs** ||= **Buses** ||= **MTWs^^1^^** || | + | |
- | |||||||||||||||||||||| | + | |
- | |||||||||||||||||||||| **Particulate Matter [mg/km]** || | + | |
- | || PM< | + | |
- | || PM< | + | |
- | || TSP ||> 10.70 ||> 16.90 ||> 45.00 ||> 45.00 ||> 4.60 ||> 7.50 ||> 11.70 ||> 32.65 ||> 32.65 ||> 3.70 || | + | |
- | |||||||||||||||||||||| | + | |
- | ||||||||||||||||||||||**Heavy Metals [µg/ | + | |
- | |||||||||||||||||||||| **// | + | |
- | || Pb ||> 1.31 ||> 2.18 ||> 8.70 ||> 7.25 ||> 0.56 ||> 120.00 ||> 249.00 ||> 12.00 ||> 12.00 ||> 51.11 || | + | |
- | || Hg ||> 0.002 ||> 0.003 ||> 0.012 ||> 0.010 ||> 0.001 ||> 0.00 ||> 0.00 ||> 1.68 ||> 1.68 ||> 0.00 || | + | |
- | || Cd ||> 0.18 ||> 0.30 ||> 1.20 ||> 1.00 ||> 0.08 ||> 0.15 ||> 0.32 ||> 0.00 ||> 0.00 ||> 0.07 || | + | |
- | |||||||||||||||||||||| **//Other HM//** || | + | |
- | || As ||> | + | |
- | || Cr ||> | + | |
- | || Cu ||> 0.25 ||> 0.42 ||> 1.68 ||> 1.40 ||> 0.11 ||> 1,588 ||> 3,289 ||> 15,477 ||> 15,477 ||> | + | |
- | || Ni ||> 0.16 ||> 0.27 ||> 1.08 ||> 0.90 ||> 0.07 ||> 3.36 ||> 6.96 ||> 22.45 ||> 22.45 ||> 1.43 || | + | |
- | || Se ||> 1.80 ||> 3.00 ||> 12.00 ||> 10.00 ||> 0.80 ||> 0.28 ||> 0.58 ||> 1.34 ||> 1.34 ||> 0.12 || | + | |
- | || Zn ||> 1,035.00 ||> 1,725 ||> 11,700 ||> 9,750 ||> 442 ||> 512 ||> 1,061 ||> 620 ||> 620 ||> 218 || | + | |
- | |||||||||||||||||||||| | + | |
- | |||||||||||||||||||||| **POPs [µg/km]** || | + | |
- | || PCDD/ | + | |
- | |||||||||||||||||||||| **//PAH//** || | + | |
- | || B[a]P ||> 0.03 ||> 0.05 ||> 0.13 ||> 0.12 ||> 0.01 ||= NA ||= NA ||= NA ||= NA ||= NA || | + | |
- | || B[b]F ||> 0.04 ||> 0.06 ||> 0.16 ||> 0.14 ||> 0.02 ||= NA ||= NA ||= NA ||= NA ||= NA || | + | |
- | || B[k]F ||= IE ||= IE ||= IE ||= IE ||= IE ||= NA ||= NA ||= NA ||= NA ||= NA || | + | |
- | || I[..]P | + | |
- | || ∑ PAHs 1-4 ||> 0.09 ||> 0.14 ||> 0.38 ||> 0.34 ||> 0.04 ||= NA ||= NA ||= NA ||= NA ||= NA || | + | |
- | --] | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | + __Discussion of emission trends__ | + | |
// | // | ||
- | > **NFR 1.A.3.b vi - Emissions from Tyre and Brake Wear** is key source | + | __Table: Outcome of Key Category Analysis__ |
+ | | | ||
+ | | by: | Level | L/- | L/- | Level & Trend | L/- | | ||
All reported emissons from tyre and brake wear are connected directly to the mileage driven by the road vehicles covered. | All reported emissons from tyre and brake wear are connected directly to the mileage driven by the road vehicles covered. | ||
- | ++ Particulate Matter - PM< | + | {{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion: |
- | + | {{ :sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:road_transport:1a3bvi_em_pb.png?700 }} | |
- | [[gallery size=" | + | |
- | : 1A3bvi_EM_PM2.5.PNG | + | |
- | [[/ | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ++ Heavy metals - Lead (Pb) | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The emissions of heavy metals are as well linked directly to the trend of mileage. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | [[gallery size=" | + | |
- | : 1A3bvi_EM_Pb.png | + | |
- | [[/ | + | |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | [!-- | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ++ Particulate Matter - PM< | + | |
- | + | ||
- | [[gallery size=" | + | |
- | : 1A3bvi_EM_PM2.5.PNG | + | |
- | : 1A3bvi_EM_PM10.png | + | |
- | : 1A3bvi_EM_TSP.png | + | |
- | : 1A3bvi_EM_BC.png | + | |
- | [[/ | + | |
- | + | ||
- | [[gallery size=" | + | |
- | : 1A3bvi_EM(PM)_Tyre.png | + | |
- | : 1A3bvi_EM(PM)_Brake.png | + | |
- | [[/ | + | |
- | + | ||
- | ++ Selected heavy metals - Chromium, Nickel and Zinc | + | |
- | + | ||
- | The emissions of heavy metals are as well linked directly to the trend of mileage. | + | |
- | + | ||
- | [[gallery size=" | + | |
- | : 1A3bvi_EM_Cr.png | + | |
- | : 1A3bvi_EM_Cu.png | + | |
- | : 1A3bvi_EM_Zn.png | + | |
- | [[/ | + | |
- | + | ||
- | --] | + | |
===== Recalculations ===== | ===== Recalculations ===== | ||
- | **Activity | + | With both **activity |
- | + | ||
- | However, the biggest changes occur in the tier1 **emission factors** | + | |
- | Unfortunately, the variety of old and revised | + | |
<WRAP center round info 60%> | <WRAP center round info 60%> | ||
- | For more information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2018, please see the pollutant-specific recalculation tables following chapter | + | For more information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2019, please see the pollutant-specific recalculation tables following chapter [[general: |
</ | </ | ||
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Besides a routine revision of the underlying model, no specific improvements are planned. | Besides a routine revision of the underlying model, no specific improvements are planned. | ||
- | ===== FAQs ===== | ||
- | ------ | ||
- | [[bibliography]] | ||
- | : 1 : EMEP/EEA, 2019: EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2019; https:// | ||
- | [[/ |