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sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:road_transport:emissions_from_fuel_combustion_in_road_vehicles:start [2021/04/15 08:10] – [Emission factors] kotzullasector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:road_transport:emissions_from_fuel_combustion_in_road_vehicles:start [2022/02/01 08:01] – [Trends of exhaust emissions from road transport vehicles] kotzulla
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 For **ammonia emissions**, the increasing use of catalytic converters in gasoline driven cars in the 1990s lead to a steep increase whereas both the technical development of the converters and the ongoing shift from gasoline to diesel cars resulted in decreasing emissions in the following years. For **ammonia emissions**, the increasing use of catalytic converters in gasoline driven cars in the 1990s lead to a steep increase whereas both the technical development of the converters and the ongoing shift from gasoline to diesel cars resulted in decreasing emissions in the following years.
  
-The observed trends for **NO,,x,,, NMVOC and CO emissions** represent the changes in legislatory emission limits and the regarding implementation of mitigation technologies.+The observed trends for **NO<sub>x</sub>, NMVOC and CO emissions** represent the changes in legislatory emission limits and the regarding implementation of mitigation technologies.
  
 Trends for **sulphur dioxide** show charcteristics very different from those shown above.  Trends for **sulphur dioxide** show charcteristics very different from those shown above. 
-Here, the strong dependence on increasing fuel qualities leads to an cascaded downward trend of **SO,,2,, emissions**, influenced only slightly by increases in fuel consumption and mileage. +Here, the strong dependence on increasing fuel qualities leads to an cascaded downward trend of **SO<sub>2</sub> emissions**, influenced only slightly by increases in fuel consumption and mileage. 
  
 The following table provides the development of sulphur contents over the years for Old (OGL) and New German Länder (NGL) and Germany (GER). The following table provides the development of sulphur contents over the years for Old (OGL) and New German Länder (NGL) and Germany (GER).
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 | :::                 |  since 2003       |      8 ppm |        8 ppm | | :::                 |  since 2003       |      8 ppm |        8 ppm |
  
-For **exhaust particulate matter emissions** from diesel road vehicles, the party assumes that nearly all particles emitted are within the PM,,2.5,, range, resulting in similar emission values for PM,,2.5,,, PM,,10,,, and TSP.+For **exhaust particulate matter emissions** from diesel road vehicles, the party assumes that nearly all particles emitted are within the PM<sub>2.5</sub> range, resulting in similar emission values for PM<sub>2.5</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub>, and TSP.
 Excumptions from this assumption can be observed for gasoline road vehicles for the years until 1997 when **additional TSP emissions** resulted **from the use of leaded gasoline** that was banned in 1997. Excumptions from this assumption can be observed for gasoline road vehicles for the years until 1997 when **additional TSP emissions** resulted **from the use of leaded gasoline** that was banned in 1997.
 Furthermore, **black carbon** emissions are estimated via implied emission factors derived from fractions of PM as provided in [(EMEPEEA2019)]. Furthermore, **black carbon** emissions are estimated via implied emission factors derived from fractions of PM as provided in [(EMEPEEA2019)].
  
 For **Heavy Metals** and **PAHs**, emissions are calculated with tier1 default EF from [(EMEPEEA2019)] resulting in trends that simply reflect the annual fuel consumption. For **Heavy Metals** and **PAHs**, emissions are calculated with tier1 default EF from [(EMEPEEA2019)] resulting in trends that simply reflect the annual fuel consumption.
 +
 +{{sector:energy:fuel_combustion:transport:road_transport:emissions_from_fuel_combustion_in_road_vehicles:emep2019_1.a.3.bi-iv_table3-86_hm_from_engine_wear.png?nolink&700}}
 +
 Here, the only excumption are **lead emissions from leaded gasoline** that was in use until 1996 with lead contents provided in the table below: Here, the only excumption are **lead emissions from leaded gasoline** that was in use until 1996 with lead contents provided in the table below: