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| sector:energy:fugitive:solid_fuels:start [2021/03/16 08:42] – [Decommissioned hard-coal mines] boettcher | sector:energy:fugitive:solid_fuels:start [2024/11/06 13:47] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1 | ||
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| - | ^ Category Code ^ Method | + | ^ Category Code ^ Method |
| - | | 1.B.1.a | + | | 1.B.1.a |
| - | | 1.B.1.b | + | | 1.B.1.b |
| - | ^ Key Category | + | ^ Key Category |
| - | | 1.B.1.a | + | | 1.B.1.a |
| - | | 1.B.1.b | + | | 1.B.1.b |
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| + | . | ||
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| + | {{page> | ||
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| The source category Solid fuels (1.B.1) consists of two sub-source subcategories – the source subcategory Coal mining (1.B.1.a) and the source subcategory Coal transformation (1.B.1.b). This chapter discusses fugitive emissions from coal mining, coal handling, including door leakages from coke ovens and quenching (emissions from the furnace are covered by category 1.A.1.c), and emissions from the beneficiation of solid fuels. In the mining sector, a distinction is made between open-pit mines, in which raw materials are extracted from pits open to the surface, and closed-pit mines, in which seams are mined underground. In Germany, hard coal used to be mined in closed-pits only (until 2018), while lignite is mined in four coal fields since 2003 with the open-pit method only. | The source category Solid fuels (1.B.1) consists of two sub-source subcategories – the source subcategory Coal mining (1.B.1.a) and the source subcategory Coal transformation (1.B.1.b). This chapter discusses fugitive emissions from coal mining, coal handling, including door leakages from coke ovens and quenching (emissions from the furnace are covered by category 1.A.1.c), and emissions from the beneficiation of solid fuels. In the mining sector, a distinction is made between open-pit mines, in which raw materials are extracted from pits open to the surface, and closed-pit mines, in which seams are mined underground. In Germany, hard coal used to be mined in closed-pits only (until 2018), while lignite is mined in four coal fields since 2003 with the open-pit method only. | ||
| <WRAP center round box 80%> | <WRAP center round box 80%> | ||
| - | Unitil 2018 Germany produced significant amounts of hard coal in underground mines. Since 2019, hard coal has been imported exclusively. NMVOC emissions are considered insignificant as the coal outgased along the import route. Particle emissions from loading and unloading as well as storage are reported under 2.L(a) - "Handling of Bulk Products" | + | Unitil 2018 Germany produced significant amounts of hard coal in underground mines. Since 2019, hard coal has been imported exclusively. NMVOC emissions are considered insignificant as the coal outgased along the import route. Particle emissions from loading and unloading as well as storage are reported under |
| </ | </ | ||
| - | ==== Lignite production ==== | + | ===== Lignite production |
| {{ : | {{ : | ||
| The activity rates for lignite production have been taken from the //Statistik der Kohlenwirtschaft// | The activity rates for lignite production have been taken from the //Statistik der Kohlenwirtschaft// | ||
| The emission factors used for calculating emissions from lignite production (TSP, PM₁₀ and PM₂.₅) already include possible emissions from transport and storage. They are taken from a 2006 research project [(UBA2007)] and the CEPMEIP-Database [(CEPMEIP)]. | The emission factors used for calculating emissions from lignite production (TSP, PM₁₀ and PM₂.₅) already include possible emissions from transport and storage. They are taken from a 2006 research project [(UBA2007)] and the CEPMEIP-Database [(CEPMEIP)]. | ||
| - | ^ Activity data ^ Unit | + | __Table 1: Annual amounts of extracted raw lignite, in [Mt]__ |
| - | | Extraction of lignite | + | ^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 ^ 2005 ^ 2010 ^ 2015 ^ |
| + | | 357 | ||
| - | ^ Source of emission factor | + | __Table 2: Emission factors applied for lignite extraction, in [kg/t]__ |
| - | | Extraction of lignite | + | ^ |
| - | | Extraction of lignite | + | | TSP | 0.05086 |
| - | | Extraction of lignite | + | | PM₁₀ |
| + | | PM₂.₅ | ||
| - | ==== Lignite coke production ==== | + | ===== Lignite coke production |
| - | ^ Activity data ^ Unit | + | __Table 3: Annual amounts of lignite coke produced, in [Mt]__ |
| - | | production of lignite coke | Mt | | + | ^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 ^ 2005 ^ 2010 ^ 2015 ^ |
| + | | 3.3 | ||
| Emissions from lignite production other than listed below are reported by plant operator. Particle emission factors were verified in a research project (Emissionen und Maßnahmenanalyse Feinstaub 2000-2020) [(UBA2007)] . | Emissions from lignite production other than listed below are reported by plant operator. Particle emission factors were verified in a research project (Emissionen und Maßnahmenanalyse Feinstaub 2000-2020) [(UBA2007)] . | ||
| - | ^ Source of emission factor | + | __Table 4: Emission factors applied for liginte-coke production__ |
| - | | production of lignite coke | TSP | kg/t | 0.1 | | + | ^ |
| - | | production of lignite coke | PM₁₀ | + | | TSP | kg/t | 0.1 | |
| - | | production of lignite coke | PM₂.₅ | + | | PM₁₀ |
| - | | production of lignite coke | PAH | mg/t | 55 | | + | | PM₂.₅ |
| - | | production of lignite coke | PCDD/ | + | | PAH | mg/t | |
| - | ==== Hard coal coke production ==== | + | | PCDD/ |
| + | |||
| + | ===== Hard coal coke production | ||
| The activity rates for hard coal coke production have been taken from the //Statistik der Kohlenwirtschafts// | The activity rates for hard coal coke production have been taken from the //Statistik der Kohlenwirtschafts// | ||
| - | ^ Activity data ^ Unit | + | __Table 5: Annual amounts of hard coal coke produced, in [Mt]__ |
| - | | production of hard coal coke | Mt | | + | ^ 1990 ^ 1995 ^ 2000 ^ 2005 ^ 2010 ^ 2015 ^ |
| + | | 18.5 | 11.1 | 9.1 | ||
| The emission factors for hard coal coke production have been obtained from the research project “Emission factors for the iron and steel industry, for purposes of emissions reporting” (“Emissionsfaktoren zur Eisen- und Stahlindustrie für die Emissionsberichterstattung”) [(Hensmann2011)]. | The emission factors for hard coal coke production have been obtained from the research project “Emission factors for the iron and steel industry, for purposes of emissions reporting” (“Emissionsfaktoren zur Eisen- und Stahlindustrie für die Emissionsberichterstattung”) [(Hensmann2011)]. | ||
| - | ^ Source | + | __Table 6: Emission factors for hard coal coke production__ |
| - | | Production of hard-coal coke | + | ^ |
| - | | Production of hard-coal coke | + | | CO |
| - | | Production of hard-coal coke | + | | NH₃ | kg/t | 0.000243 |
| - | | Production of hard-coal coke | + | | NMVOC | kg/t | 0.096 | |
| - | | Production of hard-coal coke | + | | SO₂ | kg/t | 0.004 | |
| - | | Production of hard-coal coke | + | | TSP | kg/t | 0.011 | |
| - | | Production of hard-coal coke | + | | PM₁₀ |
| - | | Production of hard-coal coke | + | | PM₂.₅ |
| - | | Production of hard-coal coke | + | | PAH | mg/t | 55 | |
| + | | PCDD/ | ||
| There are many potential sources of PAH emissions from coking plants. The dominant emission sources are leakages from coke oven doors and from charging operations. As there is limited data available on PAH emissions, the uncertainties of the estimated emission factors are very high. It should also be taken into account that emissions from coke production greatly vary between different coke production plants. The emission factors for benzo[a]pyrene and mixed PAH have been revised by research projects in 2010 [(UBADFIU2010)][(UBABFI2011)]. | There are many potential sources of PAH emissions from coking plants. The dominant emission sources are leakages from coke oven doors and from charging operations. As there is limited data available on PAH emissions, the uncertainties of the estimated emission factors are very high. It should also be taken into account that emissions from coke production greatly vary between different coke production plants. The emission factors for benzo[a]pyrene and mixed PAH have been revised by research projects in 2010 [(UBADFIU2010)][(UBABFI2011)]. | ||
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| - | ==== Charcoal production ==== | + | ===== Charcoal production |
| Small quantities of charcoal are produced in Germany – by one major charcoal-factory operator and in a number of demonstration charcoal kilns. The pertinent quantities are determined by the Federal Statistical Office and are subject to confidentiality requirements. The emission factors were obtained from US EPA 1995 [(NEULICHT1995)] . | Small quantities of charcoal are produced in Germany – by one major charcoal-factory operator and in a number of demonstration charcoal kilns. The pertinent quantities are determined by the Federal Statistical Office and are subject to confidentiality requirements. The emission factors were obtained from US EPA 1995 [(NEULICHT1995)] . | ||
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| <WRAP center round box 50%> | <WRAP center round box 50%> | ||
| - | Use of charcoal (includes wood only) and barbecue coal (includes wood and lignite briquetts) is reported under 2.G.4. The production of lignite briquettes is reported under 1.B.1.b. | + | Use of charcoal (includes wood only) and barbecue coal (includes wood and lignite briquetts) is reported under [[sector: |
| </ | </ | ||
| - | ==== Decommissioned hard-coal mines ==== | + | ===== Decommissioned hard-coal mines ===== |
| NMVOC Emissions from decommissioned hard-coal mines play a role in this sub- source category. When a hard-coal mine is decommissioned, | NMVOC Emissions from decommissioned hard-coal mines play a role in this sub- source category. When a hard-coal mine is decommissioned, | ||
| The NMVOC emissions from decommissioned hard-coal mines have been calculated in the research project " | The NMVOC emissions from decommissioned hard-coal mines have been calculated in the research project " | ||
| - | ^ Source of emission factor | + | __Table 7: NMVOC emission factor |
| - | | decommissioned hard-coal mines | + | ^ EF ^ |
| + | | 0.001599 | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===== Recalculations ===== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Please refer to overarching chapter [[sector: | ||
| ===== Planned improvements ===== | ===== Planned improvements ===== | ||
| - | Currently no improvements are planned. | + | New studies show a lower PM< |
| ===== References ===== | ===== References ===== | ||
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| [(EMEPEEA2016> | [(EMEPEEA2016> | ||
| [(NEULICHT1995> | [(NEULICHT1995> | ||
| - | [(MEINERS2014> | + | [(MEINERS2014> |
| - | [(KOHLENWIRTSCHAFT> | + | [(KOHLENWIRTSCHAFT> |