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sector:ippu:metal_production:iron_and_steel_production:start [2021/03/03 23:01] – reichel | sector:ippu:metal_production:iron_and_steel_production:start [2022/06/20 22:19] (current) – [Recalculations] reichel | ||
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===== Short description ===== | ===== Short description ===== | ||
- | Source category | + | The source subcategory |
- | ^ Category Code ^ Method | + | ^ Category Code ^ Method |
- | | 2.C.1 | + | | 2.C.1 | T2 |
- | ^ | + | ^ |
- | ^ Key Category | + | | Key Category: |
{{page> | {{page> | ||
+ | In 2020 a total of 24.1 million tonnes of raw steel were produced in six integrated steelworks. Electrical steel production amounted to another 11.5 million tonnes.\\ | ||
- | The last Siemens-Martin | + | Other structural elements are sinter production, hot iron production, hot rolling, iron and steel foundries (including malleable casting). |
- | The other structural elements are sinter production, hot iron production, hot rolling, iron and steel foundries (including malleable casting). | + | |
- | Energy-related emissions from steel production for the years 1990 - 1994 (for individual pollutants until 1999) are reported under [[: | + | Energy-related emissions from steel production for the years 1990 to 1994 (for individual pollutants until 1999) are reported under 1.A Fuel combustions in the respective subcategory |
- | In 2019 a total of 27.7 million t of raw steel was produced in six integrated steelworks. Electrical steel production amounted to another 11.9 million t. | ||
{{ : | {{ : | ||
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=== Activity data === | === Activity data === | ||
- | Activity data are surveyed | + | Activity data is collected from plant operators |
- | In the iron and steel industry, only minor amounts of secondary fuels are used for pig iron production in individual blast furnaces. They are used as substitute reducing agents, instead | + | |
+ | As the activity rates for 2017 could not be provided by WV Stahl as a result of compliance issues, aggregated figures from emissions trading were used instead. The consistency of emissions trading data was verified against comparative figures for previous years. The deviations were less than 1%; only in sinter production were they noticeably higher (maximum + 8%). | ||
+ | |||
+ | In the iron and steel industry, only minor amounts of secondary fuels are used for pig iron production in individual blast furnaces. They are used as substitute reducing agents of coke and coal. To date, these materials have not yet been included in the national statistics | ||
- | As the activity rates for 2017 could not be provided by WV Stahl as a result of competition problems, aggregated values from emissions trading were used instead. The consistency of emissions trading data has been verified against comparative figures for previous years. The deviations are less than 1%, only in sintering production they are noticeably higher (maximum + 8%). | ||
=== Emission factors === | === Emission factors === | ||
- | The emission factors used for emissions | + | The emission factors used to calculate |
- | As the EF for the years 1995 - 2001 as well as for 2008 are based on real stack emission data, it is not possible to distinguish between combustion and process emissions (they are emitted via the same stacks). Hence whereever plant-based EF were availaible, i.e. for most pollutants for the years 1995 and later, all emissions are reported under 2.C.1. | + | |
- | Please note that the reported emissions now also cover diffuse emissions from sources that were not covered in previous reporting periods, nor in the EMEP/EEA Guidebook. For many pollutants and sources, individual EFs for channelled | + | As the EF for the years 1995 to 2001 as well as for 2008 are based on real stack emission data. Since both combustion |
- | __Table 1: Overview of applied emission factors applied for sinter production__ | + | Please note that the reported emissions also cover diffuse emissions from sources that are not covered in the EMEP/EEA Guidebook. For many pollutants and sources, individual EFs for channelled |
- | ^ pollutant ^ Type of source ^ EF 1990 ^ EF 1995 ^ EF 2000 ^ EF 2005 ^ EF 2010 ^ EF 2016 ^ unit ^ Trend ^ | + | |
- | | Cd | | 0.098 ||| 0.052 | | + | |
- | | CO | | 19.152 || 17.325 | 15.497 | 14.4 || kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | Cr | | 0.077 ||| 0.044 | 0.02 || g/t | falling | | + | |
- | | HCB | | 0.03 |||||| mg/t | constant | | + | |
- | | Hg | | 0.059 ||| 0.028 | 0.005 || g/t | falling | | + | |
- | | Ni | | 0.139 ||| 0.068 | 0.015 || g/t | falling | | + | |
- | | NMVOC | | 0.12 ||||||kg/t |constant | | + | |
- | | NOx | | IE || 0.558 |0.46 | 0.401 || kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | PAH | | 320.00 | 248.571 |177.143 | 120 ||| mg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | Pb | | 5.299 |||3.242 | 1.7 || g/t | falling | | + | |
- | | PCB | |3.0 | 2.285714 |1.571429 | 1 ||| mg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | PCDD/F | |6.0 | 4.575 |3.149 |1.724 |0.796 |0.578 |µg/t |falling | | + | |
- | | SO2 | | IE || 1.08 |0.837 | 0.691 || kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | TSP | channelled | + | |
- | | TSP | diffuse | + | |
- | | PM10 | channelled | + | |
- | | PM10 | diffuse | + | |
- | | PM2.5 | channelled | | 0.214 |0.206 |0.13 | 0.056 || kg/t |falling | | + | |
- | __Table | + | __Table |
+ | ^ Pollutant ^ Type of source ^ EF 1990 ^ EF 1995 ^ EF 2000 ^ EF 2005 ^ EF 2010 ^ Unit ^ | ||
+ | | Cd | | 0.098 ||| 0.052 | | ||
+ | | CO | | 19.152 | ||
+ | | Cr | | 0.077 ||| 0.044 | 0.02 | g/t | | ||
+ | | HCB | | 0.03 ||||| mg/t | | ||
+ | | Hg | | 0.059 ||| 0.028 | 0.005 | g/t | | ||
+ | | Ni | | 0.139 ||| 0.068 | 0.015 | g/t | | ||
+ | | NMVOC | | 0.12 ||||| kg/t | | ||
+ | | NO< | ||
+ | | PAH | channelled | 320.00 | ||
+ | | Pb | | 5.299 ||| 3.242 | 1.7 | g/t | | ||
+ | | PCB | | 3.0 | 2.285714 | ||
+ | | PCDD/F | | 6.0 | 4.575 | 3.149 | 1.724 | 0.796 | µg/t | | ||
+ | | SO< | ||
+ | | TSP | channelled | | 0.65 | 0.465 | 0.234 | 0.096 | kg/t | | ||
+ | | TSP | diffuse | | | | | 0.046 | kg/t | | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
- | ^ pollutant ^ Type of source ^ EF 1995 ^ EF 2000 ^ EF 2005 ^ EF 2010 ^ EF 2016 ^ unit ^ Trend ^ | ||
- | | B(a)P | | 0.05 ||||| mg/t | constant | | ||
- | | Cd | channelled | 0.004 ||||| g/t | constant | | ||
- | | Cd | diffuse | 0.000203 | ||
- | | CO | channelled | 1.18 | 0.915 | 0.65 | 0.491 | 0.491 | kg/t | falling | | ||
- | | CO | diffuse | 0.398 ||||| kg/t | constant | | ||
- | | Cr | channelled | 0.019 | 0.006 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.001 | g/t | falling | | ||
- | | Cr | diffuse | 0.008 ||||| g/t | constant | | ||
- | | Hg | channelled | 0.002436 | 0.000192 | 0.000015 | 0.000003 | 0.000003 | g/t | falling | | ||
- | | Hg | diffuse | 0.005 ||||| mg/t | constant | | ||
- | | Ni | channelled | 0.021 | 0.006 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.001 | g/t | falling | | ||
- | | Ni | diffuse | 0.008 ||||| g/t | constant | | ||
- | | NMVOC | | 0.018525 | ||
- | | NOx | channelled | 0.051938 | 0.051938 | 0.051938 | 0.0517 | 0.0517 | kg/t | falling | | ||
- | | NOx | diffuse | 0.001 ||||| g/t | constant | | ||
- | | Pb | channelled | 0.022 ||||| kg/t | constant | | ||
- | | Pb | diffuse | 0.011 ||||| g/t | constant | | ||
- | | PCDD/F | | 0.026 | 0.009 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.004 | µg/t | falling | | ||
- | | SO2 | channelled | 0.242 ||||| g/t | constant | | ||
- | | SO2 | diffuse | 0.04 ||||| kg/t | constant | | ||
- | | TSP | channelled | 0.022 | 0.015 | 0.01 | 0.008 | 0.008 | kg/t | falling | | ||
- | | TSP | diffuse | 0.016 ||||| g/t | constant | | ||
- | | PM10 | channelled | 0.013 | 0.009 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.006 | kg/t | falling | | ||
- | | PM10 | diffuse | 0.007 ||||| kg/t | constant | | ||
- | | PM2.5 | channelled | 0.009 | 0.007 | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.004 | kg/t | falling | | ||
+ | __Table 2: Overview of the emission factors applied for pig iron production__ | ||
- | __Table 3: Overview | + | ^ Pollutant |
+ | | PAH | channelled | ||
+ | | Cd | channelled | ||
+ | | Cd | diffuse | ||
+ | | CO | channelled | ||
+ | | CO | diffuse | ||
+ | | Cr | channelled | ||
+ | | Cr | diffuse | ||
+ | | Hg | channelled | ||
+ | | Hg | diffuse | ||
+ | | Ni | channelled | ||
+ | | Ni | diffuse | ||
+ | | NMVOC | | ||
+ | | NO< | ||
+ | | NO< | ||
+ | | Pb | channelled | ||
+ | | Pb | diffuse | ||
+ | | PCDD/ | ||
+ | | SO< | ||
+ | | SO< | ||
+ | | TSP | channelled | ||
+ | | TSP | diffuse | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
- | ^ pollutant ^ Type of source ^ EF 1995 ^ EF 2000 ^ EF 2005 ^ EF 2010 ^ EF 2016 ^ unit ^ Trend ^ | ||
- | | Cd | | 0.053 | 0.038 | 0.024 | 0.016 | 0.016 | g/t | falling | | ||
- | | CO | | 11.500 | 11.077 | 10.654 | 10.400 | 10.400 | kg/t | falling | | ||
- | | Cr | channelled | 0.715 | 0.306 | 0.125 | 0.028 | 0.028 | g/t | falling | | ||
- | | Cr | diffuse | ||
- | | Ni | channelled | 0.090 | 0.060 | 0.030 | 0.006 | 0.006 | g/t | falling | | ||
- | | Ni | diffuse | ||
- | | NOx | channelled | 0.006 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.004 | kg/t | falling | | ||
- | | NOx | diffuse | ||
- | | PAH | | ||
- | | Pb | channelled | 2.941 | 1.883 | 0.824 | 0.189 | 0.189 | g/t | falling | | ||
- | | Pb | diffuse | ||
- | | PCB | | 2.670 | 1.740 | 1 | 1 | 1 | mg/t | falling | | ||
- | | PCDD/F | | 0.070 | 0.070 | 0.070 | 0.069 | 0.069 | µg/t | falling | | ||
- | | SO2 | diffuse | ||
- | | TSP | channelled | 0.155 | 0.145 | 0.145 | 0.024 | 0.024 | kg/t | falling | | ||
- | | TSP | diffuse | ||
- | | PM10 | channelled | 0.099 | 0.093 | 0.093 | 0.020 | 0.020 | kg/t | falling | | ||
- | | PM10 | diffuse | ||
- | | PM2.5 | channelled | 0.025 | 0.023 | 0.023 | 0.017 | 0.017 | kg/t | falling | | ||
+ | __Table 3: Overview of the emission factors applied for oxygen steel production__ | ||
- | __Table 4: Overview | + | ^ Pollutant ^ Type of source ^ EF 1995 ^ EF 2000 ^ EF 2005 ^ EF 2010 ^ Unit ^ |
+ | | Cd | | 0.053 | 0.038 | ||
+ | | CO | | 11.500 | ||
+ | | Cr | channelled | 0.715 | 0.306 | 0.125 | 0.028 | g/t | | ||
+ | | Cr | diffuse | ||
+ | | Ni | channelled | 0.090 | 0.060 | 0.030 | 0.006 | g/t | | ||
+ | | Ni | diffuse | ||
+ | | NO< | ||
+ | | NO< | ||
+ | | PAH | channelled | ||
+ | | Pb | channelled | 2.941 | 1.883 | 0.824 | 0.189 | g/t | | ||
+ | | Pb | diffuse | ||
+ | | PCB | | ||
+ | | PCDD/F | | 0.070 | 0.070 | 0.070 | 0.069 | µg/t | | ||
+ | | SO< | ||
+ | | TSP | channelled | 0.155 | 0.145 | 0.145 | 0.024 | kg/t | | ||
+ | | TSP | diffuse | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
- | ^ pollutant ^ Type of source ^ EF 1995 ^ EF 2000 ^ EF 2005 ^ EF 2010 ^ EF 2016 ^ unit ^ Trend ^ | ||
- | | B(a)P | | 2.531 | 1.661 | 0.792 | 0.271 | 0.271 | mg/t | falling | | ||
- | | Cd | | 0.240 | 0.157 | 0.065 | 0.016 | 0.016 | g/t | falling | | ||
- | | CO | channelled | 1.700 | 1.187 | 0.674 | 0.366 | 0.366 | kg/t | falling | | ||
- | | CO | diffuse | ||
- | | Cr | channelled | 0.481 | 0.206 | 0.258 | 0.323 | 0.323 | g/t | fluctuating | | ||
- | | Cr | diffuse | ||
- | | Hg | channelled | 0.306 | 0.288 | 0.154 | 0.070 | 0.070 | g/t | falling | | ||
- | | Ni | channelled | 0.483 | 0.207 | 0.145 | 0.124 | 0.124 | g/t | falling | | ||
- | | Ni | diffuse | ||
- | | NMVOC | | 0.035 | 0.024 | 0.012 | 0.006 | 0.006 | kg/t | falling | | ||
- | | NOx | channelled | 0.122 | 0.12 | 0.106 | 0.098 | 0.098 | kg/t | falling | | ||
- | | NOx | diffuse | ||
- | | PAH | | 45 | 22 | 3.793 | 3.790 | 3.793 | mg/t | falling | | ||
- | | Pb | channelled | 4.075 | 1.747 | 0.720 | 0.170 | 0.170 | g/t | falling | | ||
- | | Pb | diffuse | ||
- | | PCB | | 5.68 | 3.360 | 1.500 | 1.500 | 1.500 | mg/t | falling | | ||
- | | PCDD/F | | 0.466 | 0.295 | 0.158 | 0.158 | 0.158 | µg/t | falling | | ||
- | | SO2 | channelled | 0.113 ||||| kg/t | constant | | ||
- | | SO2 | diffuse | ||
- | | TSP | channelled | 0.28 | 0.12 | 0.074 | 0.018 | 0.018 | kg/t | falling | | ||
- | | TSP | diffuse | | | | 0.043 | 0.043 | kg/t | new EF, constant | | ||
- | | PM10 | channelled | 0.179 | 0.08 | 0.051 | 0.013 | 0.013 | kg/t | falling | | ||
- | | PM10 | diffuse | | | | 0.007 | 0.007 | kg/t | new EF, constant | | ||
- | | PM2.5 | channelled | 0.045 | 0.04 | 0.038 | 0.011 | 0.011 | kg/t | falling | | ||
+ | __Table 4: Overview of the emission factors applied for electric steel production__ | ||
- | __Table 5: Overview | + | ^ Pollutant ^ Type of source ^ EF 1995 ^ EF 2000 ^ EF 2005 ^ EF 2010 ^ Unit ^ |
+ | | Cd | | 0.240 | 0.157 | 0.065 | 0.016 | g/t | | ||
+ | | CO | channelled | 1.700 | 1.187 | 0.674 | 0.366 | kg/t | | ||
+ | | CO | diffuse | ||
+ | | Cr | channelled | 0.481 | 0.206 | 0.258 | 0.323 | g/t | | ||
+ | | Cr | diffuse | ||
+ | | Hg | channelled | 0.306 | 0.288 | 0.154 | 0.070 | g/t | | ||
+ | | Ni | channelled | 0.483 | 0.207 | 0.145 | 0.124 | g/t | | ||
+ | | Ni | diffuse | ||
+ | | NMVOC | | ||
+ | | NO< | ||
+ | | NO< | ||
+ | | PAH | | ||
+ | | Pb | channelled | 4.075 | 1.747 | 0.720 | 0.170 | g/t | | ||
+ | | Pb | diffuse | ||
+ | | PCB | | ||
+ | | PCDD/F | | 0.466 | 0.295 | 0.158 | 0.158 | µg/t | | ||
+ | | SO< | ||
+ | | SO< | ||
+ | | TSP | channelled | 0.28 | 0.12 | 0.074 | 0.018 | kg/t | | ||
+ | | TSP | diffuse | | | | 0.043 | kg/t | | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
- | ^ pollutant | ||
- | | CO | ||
- | | NH3 | | ||
- | | NMVOC | | ||
- | | NOx | | ||
- | | SO2 | | ||
- | | TSP | channelled | ||
- | | TSP | diffuse | ||
- | | PM10 | channelled | ||
- | | PM10 | diffuse | ||
- | | PM2.5 | channelled | ||
+ | __Table 5: Overview of the emission factors applied for hot and cold rolling__ | ||
- | __Table 6: Overview | + | ^ Pollutant |
+ | | CO | ||
+ | | NH< | ||
+ | | NMVOC | | ||
+ | | NO< | ||
+ | | SO< | ||
+ | | TSP | channelled | ||
+ | | TSP | diffuse | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
- | ^ pollutant ^ EF 2010 ^ unit ^ Trend ^ | ||
- | | B(a)P | 10 | mg/t | constant | | ||
- | | NH3 | 0.027 | kg/t | falling | | ||
- | | NMVOC | 0.150 | kg/t | constant | | ||
- | | NOx | 0.242 | kg/t | falling | | ||
- | | PAH | 0.100 | g/t | constant | | ||
- | | PCDD/F | 0.190 | µg/t | constant | | ||
- | | SO2 | 0.256 | kg/t | falling | | ||
- | | TSP | 0.200 | kg/t | constant | | ||
- | | PM10 | 0.137 | kg/t | constant | | ||
- | | PM2.5 | 0.0836 | kg/t | constant | | ||
+ | __Table 6: Overview of the emission factors applied for iron and steel casting__ | ||
- | === Uncertainties === | + | ^ Pollutant |
+ | | NH< | ||
+ | | NMVOC | 0.150 | kg/t | constant | ||
+ | | NO< | ||
+ | | PAH | 0.100 | g/t | constant | ||
+ | | PCDD/ | ||
+ | | SO< | ||
+ | | TSP | 0.200 | kg/t | constant | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
- | [Text einfügen] | + | |
+ | **HCB** | ||
+ | |||
+ | For **sinter production**, | ||
=====Discussion of emission trends===== | =====Discussion of emission trends===== | ||
- | Trends | + | The trends |
+ | |||
+ | However, since 2010, the main driver | ||
===== Recalculations ===== | ===== Recalculations ===== | ||
- | |||
- | Replacing data of the preliminary energy balance with data of the final energy balance leads to restatements for the year 2017. | ||
<WRAP center round info 60%> | <WRAP center round info 60%> | ||
- | For more information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2018, please see the pollutant specific recalculation tables following chapter [[general: | + | For more **information on recalculated emission estimates for the Base Year and 2019**, please see the pollutant specific recalculation tables |
</ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | **PAH** | ||
+ | |||
+ | In the 2021 review the application of a consistent methodology in reporting of PAH emissions in 2C1-iron and steel production was claimed. As there is not enough data available to report individual PAHs Germany decided to only report total-PAHs for the whole time. But for pig iron production a national total-PAH emission factor was missing. For that source the national inventory solely included BaP emissions. Due to the limitation of data the total-PAH emission factor for pig iron production was derived from the BaP emission factor on the basis of the following conservative ansatz (not changing the overall PAH emission trend): | ||
+ | Emissions of PAH depend on the coating material used. The emission factor in table 3.8 of the actual emission guidebook 2019 for pig iron production (2500 mg/t) is only valid for tar containing coating material and excluded abatement technics. Both assumptions are not appropriate for Germany. As tar-free materials are used for coating PAH emissions should not play any role. And the blast furnace gas is conducted and used. But as PAH emissions could not be surely ruled out and in order to avoid an underestimation of PAH emissions in pig iron production the emission factor for total-PAH is set to the 10-fold of the BaP emission factor. | ||
===== Planned improvements ===== | ===== Planned improvements ===== | ||
- | HCB emissions have not been included in iron production till German Informative Inventory Report 2021 due to lack of emission data (notation key NE). And the standard emission factor is not seen as appropriate. In order to overcome this data gap, information search will be done within the scope of a Project for actualizing several emission factors. The project should start in 2021 and is designed to run three years. As long as there is no country specific emission factor for HCB the standard emission factor is used. In implementing the EMEP/EEA Guidebook standard emission factor Germany is following recommendations provided by the Expert Review Team for the NECD-Review in 2020. | + | no improvements planned. |
+ | |||
+ | \\ |