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sector:ippu:metal_production:iron_and_steel_production:start [2021/04/15 15:10] – [Planned improvements] plickert | sector:ippu:metal_production:iron_and_steel_production:start [2022/06/20 22:19] (current) – [Recalculations] reichel | ||
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===== Short description ===== | ===== Short description ===== | ||
- | Source category | + | The source subcategory |
- | ^ Category Code ^ Method | + | ^ Category Code ^ Method |
- | | 2.C.1 | T2 ||||| NS | + | | 2.C.1 | T2 |
- | ^ | + | ^ |
- | | 2.C.1 | + | | Key Category: |
{{page> | {{page> | ||
- | In 2019 a total of 27.7 million | + | In 2020 a total of 24.1 million |
- | Other structural elements are sinter production, hot iron production, hot rolling, iron and steel foundries (including malleable casting). The last Siemens-Martin | + | Other structural elements are sinter production, hot iron production, hot rolling, iron and steel foundries (including malleable casting). The last Siemens-Martin |
- | Energy-related emissions from steel production for the years 1990 - 1994 (for individual pollutants until 1999) are reported under [[: | + | Energy-related emissions from steel production for the years 1990 to 1994 (for individual pollutants until 1999) are reported under 1.A Fuel combustions in the respective subcategory |
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=== Activity data === | === Activity data === | ||
- | Activity data are is collected from plant operators by national institutions. | + | Activity data is collected from plant operators by national institutions. |
- | As the activity rates for 2017 could not be provided by WV Stahl as a result of compliance issues, aggregated figures from emissions trading were used instead. The consistency of emissions trading data has been verified against comparative figures for previous years. The deviations were less than 1%, only in sinter production they are noticeably higher (maximum + 8%). | + | As the activity rates for 2017 could not be provided by WV Stahl as a result of compliance issues, aggregated figures from emissions trading were used instead. The consistency of emissions trading data was verified against comparative figures for previous years. The deviations were less than 1%; only in sinter production |
- | In the iron and steel industry, only minor amounts of secondary fuels are used for pig iron production in individual blast furnaces. They are used as substitute reducing agents, instead | + | In the iron and steel industry, only minor amounts of secondary fuels are used for pig iron production in individual blast furnaces. They are used as substitute reducing agents of coke and coal. To date, these materials have not yet been included in the national statistics |
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=== Emission factors === | === Emission factors === | ||
- | The emission factors used for emissions | + | The emission factors used to calculate |
- | As the EF for the years 1995 - 2001 as well as for 2008 are based on real stack emission data, it is not possible to distinguish between | + | As the EF for the years 1995 to 2001 as well as for 2008 are based on real stack emission data. Since both combustion and process-related |
- | Please note that the reported emissions also cover diffuse emissions from sources that are not covered in the EMEP/EEA Guidebook. For many pollutants and sources, individual EFs for channelled as well as diffuse emissions have been determined. While there is sufficient knowledge and measurement data of channelled emissions, the emission data concerning diffuse sources is usually based on estimations, using parameters adapted to the local conditions of the individual emission source. Therefore, emission data for one source of diffuse emissions is hardly | + | Please note that the reported emissions also cover diffuse emissions from sources that are not covered in the EMEP/EEA Guidebook. For many pollutants and sources, individual EFs for channelled as well as diffuse emissions have been determined. While there is sufficient knowledge and measurement data of channelled emissions, the emission data concerning diffuse sources is usually based on estimations using parameters adapted to the local conditions of the individual emission source. Therefore, emission data for one source of diffuse emissions is not significant for the diffuse emissions from other plants. The emission factors given below were calculated as the weighted average of the pollution loads reported by the plant operators |
- | __Table 1: Overview of applied | + | __Table 1: Overview of the emission factors applied for sinter production__ |
- | ^ pollutant | + | ^ Pollutant |
- | | Cd | | 0.098 ||| 0.052 | | + | | Cd | | 0.098 ||| 0.052 | |
- | | CO | | 19.152 | + | | CO | | 19.152 |
- | | Cr | | 0.077 ||| 0.044 | 0.02 | + | | Cr | | 0.077 ||| 0.044 | 0.02 | g/t | |
- | | HCB | | 0.03 | + | | HCB | | 0.03 ||||| mg/t | |
- | | Hg | | 0.059 ||| 0.028 | 0.005 | + | | Hg | | 0.059 ||| 0.028 | 0.005 | g/t | |
- | | Ni | | 0.139 ||| 0.068 | 0.015 | + | | Ni | | 0.139 ||| 0.068 | 0.015 | g/t | |
- | | NMVOC | | 0.12 | + | | NMVOC | | 0.12 ||||| kg/t | |
- | | NOx | | IE || 0.558 |0.46 | 0.401 | + | | NO< |
- | | PAH | | 320.00 | 248.571 |177.143 | 120 | + | | PAH | channelled |
- | | Pb | | 5.299 |||3.242 | 1.7 | + | | Pb | | 5.299 ||| 3.242 | 1.7 | g/t | |
- | | PCB | |3.0 | 2.285714 |1.571429 | 1 | + | | PCB | | 3.0 | 2.285714 |
- | | PCDD/F | |6.0 | 4.575 |3.149 |1.724 |0.796 | + | | PCDD/F | | 6.0 | 4.575 | 3.149 | 1.724 | 0.796 | µg/t | |
- | | SO2 | | IE || 1.08 |0.837 | 0.691 | + | | SO< |
- | | TSP | channelled | | 0.65 |0.465 |0.234 | 0.096 | + | | TSP | channelled | | 0.65 | 0.465 | 0.234 | 0.096 | kg/t | |
- | | TSP | diffuse | 0.046 | + | | TSP | diffuse |
- | | PM10 | channelled | | 0.445 |0.336 |0.177 | 0.07 | + | | PM< |
- | | PM10 | diffuse | 0.016 | + | | PM< |
- | | PM2.5 | channelled | | 0.214 |0.206 |0.13 | 0.056 | + | | PM< |
- | __Table 2: Overview of applied emission factors applied for pig iron production__ | ||
- | ^ pollutant ^ Type of source ^ EF 1995 ^ EF 2000 ^ EF 2005 ^ EF 2010 ^ EF 2016 ^ unit ^ Trend ^ | + | __Table 2: Overview |
- | | B(a)P | | 0.05 ||||| mg/t | constant | | + | |
- | | Cd | channelled | 0.004 ||||| g/t | constant | | + | |
- | | Cd | diffuse | 0.000203 | + | |
- | | CO | channelled | 1.18 | 0.915 | 0.65 | 0.491 | 0.491 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | CO | diffuse | 0.398 ||||| kg/t | constant | | + | |
- | | Cr | channelled | 0.019 | 0.006 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.001 | g/t | falling | | + | |
- | | Cr | diffuse | 0.008 ||||| g/t | constant | | + | |
- | | Hg | channelled | 0.002436 | 0.000192 | 0.000015 | 0.000003 | 0.000003 | g/t | falling | | + | |
- | | Hg | diffuse | 0.005 ||||| mg/t | constant | | + | |
- | | Ni | channelled | 0.021 | 0.006 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.001 | g/t | falling | | + | |
- | | Ni | diffuse | 0.008 ||||| g/t | constant | | + | |
- | | NMVOC | | 0.018525 | + | |
- | | NOx | channelled | 0.051938 | 0.051938 | 0.051938 | 0.0517 | 0.0517 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | NOx | diffuse | 0.001 ||||| g/t | constant | | + | |
- | | Pb | channelled | 0.022 ||||| kg/t | constant | | + | |
- | | Pb | diffuse | 0.011 ||||| g/t | constant | | + | |
- | | PCDD/F | | 0.026 | 0.009 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.004 | µg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | SO2 | channelled | 0.242 ||||| g/t | constant | | + | |
- | | SO2 | diffuse | 0.04 ||||| kg/t | constant | | + | |
- | | TSP | channelled | 0.022 | 0.015 | 0.01 | 0.008 | 0.008 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | TSP | diffuse | 0.016 ||||| g/t | constant | | + | |
- | | PM10 | channelled | 0.013 | 0.009 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.006 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | PM10 | diffuse | 0.007 ||||| kg/t | constant | | + | |
- | | PM2.5 | channelled | 0.009 | 0.007 | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.004 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
+ | ^ Pollutant | ||
+ | | PAH | channelled | ||
+ | | Cd | channelled | ||
+ | | Cd | diffuse | ||
+ | | CO | channelled | ||
+ | | CO | diffuse | ||
+ | | Cr | channelled | ||
+ | | Cr | diffuse | ||
+ | | Hg | channelled | ||
+ | | Hg | diffuse | ||
+ | | Ni | channelled | ||
+ | | Ni | diffuse | ||
+ | | NMVOC | | ||
+ | | NO< | ||
+ | | NO< | ||
+ | | Pb | channelled | ||
+ | | Pb | diffuse | ||
+ | | PCDD/ | ||
+ | | SO< | ||
+ | | SO< | ||
+ | | TSP | channelled | ||
+ | | TSP | diffuse | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
- | __Table 3: Overview of applied emission factors applied for oxygen steel production__ | ||
- | ^ pollutant ^ Type of source ^ EF 1995 ^ EF 2000 ^ EF 2005 ^ EF 2010 ^ EF 2016 ^ unit ^ Trend ^ | + | __Table 3: Overview |
- | | Cd | | 0.053 | 0.038 | 0.024 | 0.016 | 0.016 | g/t | falling | | + | |
- | | CO | | 11.500 | 11.077 | 10.654 | 10.400 | 10.400 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | Cr | channelled | 0.715 | 0.306 | 0.125 | 0.028 | 0.028 | g/t | falling | | + | |
- | | Cr | diffuse | + | |
- | | Ni | channelled | 0.090 | 0.060 | 0.030 | 0.006 | 0.006 | g/t | falling | | + | |
- | | Ni | diffuse | + | |
- | | NOx | channelled | 0.006 | 0.005 | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.004 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | NOx | diffuse | + | |
- | | PAH | | + | |
- | | Pb | channelled | 2.941 | 1.883 | 0.824 | 0.189 | 0.189 | g/t | falling | | + | |
- | | Pb | diffuse | + | |
- | | PCB | | 2.670 | 1.740 | 1 | 1 | 1 | mg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | PCDD/F | | 0.070 | 0.070 | 0.070 | 0.069 | 0.069 | µg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | SO2 | diffuse | + | |
- | | TSP | channelled | 0.155 | 0.145 | 0.145 | 0.024 | 0.024 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | TSP | diffuse | + | |
- | | PM10 | channelled | 0.099 | 0.093 | 0.093 | 0.020 | 0.020 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | PM10 | diffuse | + | |
- | | PM2.5 | channelled | 0.025 | 0.023 | 0.023 | 0.017 | 0.017 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
+ | ^ Pollutant ^ Type of source ^ EF 1995 ^ EF 2000 ^ EF 2005 ^ EF 2010 ^ Unit ^ | ||
+ | | Cd | | 0.053 | 0.038 | ||
+ | | CO | | 11.500 | ||
+ | | Cr | channelled | 0.715 | 0.306 | 0.125 | 0.028 | g/t | | ||
+ | | Cr | diffuse | ||
+ | | Ni | channelled | 0.090 | 0.060 | 0.030 | 0.006 | g/t | | ||
+ | | Ni | diffuse | ||
+ | | NO< | ||
+ | | NO< | ||
+ | | PAH | channelled | ||
+ | | Pb | channelled | 2.941 | 1.883 | 0.824 | 0.189 | g/t | | ||
+ | | Pb | diffuse | ||
+ | | PCB | | ||
+ | | PCDD/F | | 0.070 | 0.070 | 0.070 | 0.069 | µg/t | | ||
+ | | SO< | ||
+ | | TSP | channelled | 0.155 | 0.145 | 0.145 | 0.024 | kg/t | | ||
+ | | TSP | diffuse | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
- | __Table 4: Overview of applied emission factors applied for electric steel production__ | ||
- | ^ pollutant ^ Type of source ^ EF 1995 ^ EF 2000 ^ EF 2005 ^ EF 2010 ^ EF 2016 ^ unit ^ Trend ^ | + | __Table |
- | | B(a)P | | 2.531 | 1.661 | 0.792 | 0.271 | 0.271 | mg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | Cd | | 0.240 | 0.157 | 0.065 | 0.016 | 0.016 | g/t | falling | | + | |
- | | CO | channelled | 1.700 | 1.187 | 0.674 | 0.366 | 0.366 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | CO | diffuse | + | |
- | | Cr | channelled | 0.481 | 0.206 | 0.258 | 0.323 | 0.323 | g/t | fluctuating | | + | |
- | | Cr | diffuse | + | |
- | | Hg | channelled | 0.306 | 0.288 | 0.154 | 0.070 | 0.070 | g/t | falling | | + | |
- | | Ni | channelled | 0.483 | 0.207 | 0.145 | 0.124 | 0.124 | g/t | falling | | + | |
- | | Ni | diffuse | + | |
- | | NMVOC | | 0.035 | 0.024 | 0.012 | 0.006 | 0.006 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | NOx | channelled | 0.122 | 0.12 | 0.106 | 0.098 | 0.098 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | NOx | diffuse | + | |
- | | PAH | | 45 | 22 | 3.793 | 3.790 | 3.793 | mg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | Pb | channelled | 4.075 | 1.747 | 0.720 | 0.170 | 0.170 | g/t | falling | | + | |
- | | Pb | diffuse | + | |
- | | PCB | | 5.68 | 3.360 | 1.500 | 1.500 | 1.500 | mg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | PCDD/F | | 0.466 | 0.295 | 0.158 | 0.158 | 0.158 | µg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | SO2 | channelled | 0.113 ||||| kg/t | constant | | + | |
- | | SO2 | diffuse | + | |
- | | TSP | channelled | 0.28 | 0.12 | 0.074 | 0.018 | 0.018 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | TSP | diffuse | | | | 0.043 | 0.043 | kg/t | new EF, constant | | + | |
- | | PM10 | channelled | 0.179 | 0.08 | 0.051 | 0.013 | 0.013 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | PM10 | diffuse | | | | 0.007 | 0.007 | kg/t | new EF, constant | | + | |
- | | PM2.5 | channelled | 0.045 | 0.04 | 0.038 | 0.011 | 0.011 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
+ | ^ Pollutant ^ Type of source ^ EF 1995 ^ EF 2000 ^ EF 2005 ^ EF 2010 ^ Unit ^ | ||
+ | | Cd | | 0.240 | 0.157 | 0.065 | 0.016 | g/t | | ||
+ | | CO | channelled | 1.700 | 1.187 | 0.674 | 0.366 | kg/t | | ||
+ | | CO | diffuse | ||
+ | | Cr | channelled | 0.481 | 0.206 | 0.258 | 0.323 | g/t | | ||
+ | | Cr | diffuse | ||
+ | | Hg | channelled | 0.306 | 0.288 | 0.154 | 0.070 | g/t | | ||
+ | | Ni | channelled | 0.483 | 0.207 | 0.145 | 0.124 | g/t | | ||
+ | | Ni | diffuse | ||
+ | | NMVOC | | ||
+ | | NO< | ||
+ | | NO< | ||
+ | | PAH | | ||
+ | | Pb | channelled | 4.075 | 1.747 | 0.720 | 0.170 | g/t | | ||
+ | | Pb | diffuse | ||
+ | | PCB | | ||
+ | | PCDD/F | | 0.466 | 0.295 | 0.158 | 0.158 | µg/t | | ||
+ | | SO< | ||
+ | | SO< | ||
+ | | TSP | channelled | 0.28 | 0.12 | 0.074 | 0.018 | kg/t | | ||
+ | | TSP | diffuse | | | | 0.043 | kg/t | | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
- | __Table 5: Overview of applied emission factors applied for hot and cold rolling__ | ||
- | ^ pollutant | + | __Table |
- | | CO | + | |
- | | NH3 | | + | |
- | | NMVOC | | + | |
- | | NOx | | + | |
- | | SO2 | | + | |
- | | TSP | channelled | + | |
- | | TSP | diffuse | + | |
- | | PM10 | channelled | + | |
- | | PM10 | diffuse | + | |
- | | PM2.5 | channelled | + | |
+ | ^ Pollutant | ||
+ | | CO | ||
+ | | NH< | ||
+ | | NMVOC | | ||
+ | | NO< | ||
+ | | SO< | ||
+ | | TSP | channelled | ||
+ | | TSP | diffuse | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
- | __Table 6: Overview of applied emission factors applied for iron and steel casting__ | ||
- | ^ pollutant ^ EF 2010 ^ unit ^ Trend ^ | + | __Table 6: Overview of the emission factors applied for iron and steel casting__ |
- | | B(a)P | 10 | mg/t | constant | | + | |
- | | NH3 | 0.027 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | NMVOC | 0.150 | kg/t | constant | | + | |
- | | NOx | 0.242 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | PAH | 0.100 | g/t | constant | | + | |
- | | PCDD/F | 0.190 | µg/t | constant | | + | |
- | | SO2 | 0.256 | kg/t | falling | | + | |
- | | TSP | 0.200 | kg/t | constant | | + | |
- | | PM10 | 0.137 | kg/t | constant | | + | |
- | | PM2.5 | 0.0836 | kg/t | constant | | + | |
+ | ^ Pollutant | ||
+ | | NH< | ||
+ | | NMVOC | 0.150 | kg/t | constant | ||
+ | | NO< | ||
+ | | PAH | 0.100 | g/t | constant | ||
+ | | PCDD/ | ||
+ | | SO< | ||
+ | | TSP | 0.200 | kg/t | constant | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
+ | | PM< | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | **HCB** | ||
+ | |||
+ | For **sinter production**, | ||
=====Discussion of emission trends===== | =====Discussion of emission trends===== | ||
- | Trends | + | The trends |
+ | |||
+ | However, since 2010, the main driver | ||
===== Recalculations ===== | ===== Recalculations ===== | ||
- | |||
- | Replacing data of the preliminary energy balance with data of the final energy balance leads to restatements for the years 2017 and 2018. | ||
<WRAP center round info 60%> | <WRAP center round info 60%> | ||
- | For more information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2018, please see the pollutant specific recalculation tables following chapter [[general: | + | For more **information on recalculated emission estimates for the Base Year and 2019**, please see the pollutant specific recalculation tables |
</ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | **PAH** | ||
+ | |||
+ | In the 2021 review the application of a consistent methodology in reporting of PAH emissions in 2C1-iron and steel production was claimed. As there is not enough data available to report individual PAHs Germany decided to only report total-PAHs for the whole time. But for pig iron production a national total-PAH emission factor was missing. For that source the national inventory solely included BaP emissions. Due to the limitation of data the total-PAH emission factor for pig iron production was derived from the BaP emission factor on the basis of the following conservative ansatz (not changing the overall PAH emission trend): | ||
+ | Emissions of PAH depend on the coating material used. The emission factor in table 3.8 of the actual emission guidebook 2019 for pig iron production (2500 mg/t) is only valid for tar containing coating material and excluded abatement technics. Both assumptions are not appropriate for Germany. As tar-free materials are used for coating PAH emissions should not play any role. And the blast furnace gas is conducted and used. But as PAH emissions could not be surely ruled out and in order to avoid an underestimation of PAH emissions in pig iron production the emission factor for total-PAH is set to the 10-fold of the BaP emission factor. | ||
===== Planned improvements ===== | ===== Planned improvements ===== | ||
- | HCB emissions from iron and steel production have not been included so far due to a lack of emission data (notation key NE). In the past, the standard emission factor was not considered as appropriate, | + | no improvements planned. |
- | As long as no country specific emission factor for HCB has been derived, the standard emission factor is used. In implementing the EMEP/EEA Guidebook standard emission factor Germany is following recommendations provided by the Expert Review Team for the NECD-Review in 2020. | + | \\ |