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sector:natural_sources:forest_fires:start [2022/09/20 13:34] – Fix link tarakjisector:natural_sources:forest_fires:start [2024/11/06 13:47] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 β = burning efficiency (fraction burnt) of the above-ground biomass. β = burning efficiency (fraction burnt) of the above-ground biomass.
  
-The data on forest areas burnt for the period 1990 to 2020 have been taken from the German forest fire statistic (BLE, 2021)((BLE (Bundesanstalt für Landwirtschaft und Ernährung), (2021, 28. Juni)2020: Waldbrandstatistik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland für das Jahr 202019, Bonn: 21 p. Retrieved July 2021, https://www.ble.de/DE/BZL/Daten-Berichte/Wald/wald_node.html)) managed by the Federal Agency for Agriculture and Food. The mean above-ground biomass was derived for each year by linear extrapolation and interpolation between the+The data on forest areas burnt for the period 1990 to 2020 have been taken from the German forest fire statistic (BLE, 2021)((BLE (Bundesanstalt für Landwirtschaft und Ernährung), (2021, 28. Juni), 2021: Waldbrandstatistik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland für das Jahr 2020, Bonn: 21 p. Retrieved July 2021, https://www.ble.de/DE/BZL/Daten-Berichte/Wald/wald_node.html)) managed by the Federal Agency for Agriculture and Food. The mean above-ground biomass was derived for each year by linear extrapolation and interpolation between the
  
      * German National Forest Inventorys of 1987, 2002, 2012 (Bundeswaldinventuren 1987, 2002, 2012),       * German National Forest Inventorys of 1987, 2002, 2012 (Bundeswaldinventuren 1987, 2002, 2012), 
-     * the inventory study 2008 (([https://www.thuenen.de/en/wo/projects/forest-monitoring/greenhouse-gas-inventory-for-forests/inventory-study-2008/ Inventurstudie 2008])) and, +     * [[https://www.thuenen.de/en/institutes/forest-ecosystems/projects/forest-monitoring/greenhouse-gas-inventory-for-forests/inventory-study-2008|the inventory study 2008]] and, 
-     * the carbon inventory 2017 (Kohlenstoffinventur 2017)(([https://www.thuenen.de/en/wo/projects/forest-monitoring/greenhouse-gas-inventory-for-forests/carbon-inventory-2017)). +     * [[https://www.thuenen.de/en/institutes/forest-ecosystems/projects/forest-monitoring/greenhouse-gas-inventory-for-forests/carbon-inventory-2017|the carbon inventory 2017]]. 
    
 Pursuant to König (2007) ((König, H.-C., 2007. Waldbrandschutz - Kompendium für Forst und Feuerwehr. 1. Fachverlag Matthias Grimm, Berlin, 197 S.)), 80% of the forest fires in Germany are surface fires and 20% crown fires. In accordance to the IPCC Good Practice Guidance for LULUCF (2003) a burning efficiency of 0.15 was used for surface fires and an efficiency of 0.45 was used for crown fires.  Pursuant to König (2007) ((König, H.-C., 2007. Waldbrandschutz - Kompendium für Forst und Feuerwehr. 1. Fachverlag Matthias Grimm, Berlin, 197 S.)), 80% of the forest fires in Germany are surface fires and 20% crown fires. In accordance to the IPCC Good Practice Guidance for LULUCF (2003) a burning efficiency of 0.15 was used for surface fires and an efficiency of 0.45 was used for crown fires. 
  
-The emissions for the pollutants were calculated by multiplying the mass of carbon with the respective emission factors from table 3-3 (EMEP/EEA, 2019)((EMEP/EEA, 2019: https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2019/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/11-natural-sources/11-b-forest-fires/view).+The emissions for the pollutants were calculated by multiplying the mass of carbon with the respective emission factors from table 3-3 (EMEP/EEA, 2019)((EMEP/EEA, 2019: https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2019/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/11-natural-sources/11-b-forest-fires/view)).
  
 For the calculation of particulate emissions (TSP, PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub>) the burnt biomass was multiplied with the respective emission factors from table 3-5 (EMEP/EEA, 2019). Those particulate emission factors have been estimated by averaging the emission factors from the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA, 1996) ((USEPA, 1996: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors Vol.1. Stationary, Point and Area Sources. Report AP-42, fifth edition)) methodology, since no better information is available. Those emission factors are assumed to be the same for all types of forest.  For the calculation of particulate emissions (TSP, PM<sub>10</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub>) the burnt biomass was multiplied with the respective emission factors from table 3-5 (EMEP/EEA, 2019). Those particulate emission factors have been estimated by averaging the emission factors from the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA, 1996) ((USEPA, 1996: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors Vol.1. Stationary, Point and Area Sources. Report AP-42, fifth edition)) methodology, since no better information is available. Those emission factors are assumed to be the same for all types of forest. 
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-^                       ^  1990  ^  1991  ^  1992  ^  1993  ^  1994  ^  1995  ^  1996  ^  1997  ^  1998  ^  1999  ^  2000  ^ +^  1990   ^  1991  ^  1992   ^  1993   ^  1994   ^  1995  ^  1996   ^  1997  ^  1998   ^  1999   ^ 
-| Area of forest burnt  |   1606 |    920 |   4908 |   1493 |   1114 |    592 |   1381 |    599 |    397 |    415 |    581 |+|  1,606  |  920   |  4,908  |  1,493  |  1,114  |  592   |  1,381  |  599   |  397    |  415    | 
 +^  2000   ^  2001  ^  2002   ^  2003   ^  2004   ^  2005  ^  2006   ^  2007  ^  2008   ^  2009   ^ 
 +|  581    |  122   |  122    |  1,315  |  274    |  183   |  482    |  256   |  539    |  757    | 
 +^  2010   ^  2011  ^  2012   ^  2013   ^  2014   ^  2015  ^  2016   ^  2017  ^  2018   ^  2019   ^ 
 +|  522    |  214   |  269    |  199    |  120    |  526   |  283    |  395   |  2,349  |  2,711  | 
 +^  2020   |        |         |         |         |        |         |        |         |         | 
 +|  368    |        |         |         |         |        |         |        |         |         |
  
  
  
-^                       ^  2001  ^  2002  ^  2003  ^  2004  ^  2005  ^  2006  ^  2007  ^  2008  ^  2009  ^  2010  ^  2011  ^ +==== Emission factors ====
-| Area of forest burnt  |    122 |    122 |   1315 |    274 |    183 |    482 |    256 |    539 |    757 |    522 |    214 |+
  
 +For the year 2020 the following estimated emission factors were applied:
  
-^                       ^  2012  ^  2013  ^  2014  ^  2015  ^  2016  ^  2017  ^  2018  ^  2019  ^ 2020  ^      +__Table 2: Emission factors applied for 2020, in [kg/ha forest area burnt]__ 
-| Area of forest burnt  |    269 |    199 |    120 |    526 |    283 |    395 |   2349 |   2711 |   368 |+^                    ^  EF<sub>2020</sub>  ^ 
 +|  NO<sub>x</sub>    |  125.96             | 
 +|  CO                |  4,492.47           | 
 +|  NMVOC             |  396.8              | 
 +|  SO<sub>x</sub>    |  30.23              | 
 +|  NH<sub>3</sub>    |  34.01              | 
 +|  TSP               |  713.76             | 
 +|  PM<sub>10</sub>   |  461.84             | 
 +|  PM<sub>2.5</sub>  |  377.87             | 
 +|  BC                |  34.01              |
  
 +In addition, a large-scale fire, which occurred in September 2018, is reported under 11.B. A detailed description can be found in the NIR
 +2020 in Chapter 6.8.2.5 ((NIR (2020): National Inventory Report 2020 for the German Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990-2018. Available in April 2020)), because a large amount of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions were released.
  
 +The burned area of the drained moor, which is used as a military facility, covered 1,221 ha. This fire was extensively investigated and documented by the Federal Office for Infrastructure, Environmental Protection and Services of the German Armed Forces. The emissions are calculated according to IPCC GL (2006), chapter 2, form 2.27 ((IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2006): 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 4: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use. Eds.: Eggleston S., Buendia L., Miwa K., Ngara T., Tanabe K. (Eds). IEA/OECD, IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Technical Support Unit, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan. http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.html)).
  
-==== Emission factors ====+The product M<sub>B</sub> × C<sub>f</sub> is set to 336 t d.m. ha<sup>-1</sup> according to Table 2.6 and equation 2.7, 2013 IPCC Wetlands Supplement ((IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2014b): 2013 Supplement to the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands. Hiraishi, T., Krug, T., Tanabe, K., Srivastava, N., Baasansuren, J., Fukuda, M. and Troxler, T.G.(eds). Published: IPCC, Switzerland http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/wetlands/index.html)), i.e. it is assumed that the moor was completely drained during the fire.
  
 +<WRAP center round info 60%>
 +  * M<sub>B</sub> = mass of fuel available for combustion, tonnes ha-1 (i.e. mass of dry organic soil fuel)
  
-For the year 2020 the estimated emission factors from table 2 were applied. +  * C<sub>f</sub> = combustion factor, dimensionless 
- +</WRAP>
-__Table 2: Emission factors applied for 2020__ +
-^  Pollutant        ^  EF<sub>2020</sub> \\ [kg/ha forest area burnt]  ^ +
-| NO<sub>x</sub>    |                                           125.96 | +
-| CO                |                                         4,492.47 | +
-| NMVOC             |                                            396.8 | +
-| SO<sub>x</sub>    |                                            30.23 | +
-| NH<sub>3</sub>    |                                            34.01 | +
-| TSP               |                                           713.76 | +
-| PM<sub>10</sub>   |                                           461.84 | +
-| PM<sub>2.5</sub>  |                                           377.87 | +
-| BC                |                                            34.01 | +
- +
-In addition, a large-scale fire, which occurred in September 2018, is reported under 11.B. A detailed description can be found in the NIR +
-2020 in Chapter 6.8.2.5 ((NIR (2020): National Inventory Report 2020 for the German Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990-2018. Available in April 2020)), because a large amount of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions were released. +
- +
-The burned area of the drained moor, which is used as a military facility, covered 1,221 ha. This fire was extensively investigated and documented by the Federal Office for Infrastructure, Environmental Protection and Services of the German Armed Forces. The emissions are calculated according to IPCC GL (2006), chapter 2, form 2.27 ((IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2006): 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Volume 4: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use. Eds.: Eggleston S., Buendia L., Miwa K., Ngara T., Tanabe K. (Eds). IEA/OECD, IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Technical Support Unit, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan. <http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.html> +
-)). +
-The product MB×Cf is set to 336 t dm ha-1 according to Table 2.6 and formula 2.7 2013 IPCC Wetlands Supplement ((IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2014b): 2013 Supplement to the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands. Hiraishi, T., Krug, T., Tanabe, K., Srivastava, N., Baasansuren, J., Fukuda, M. and Troxler, T.G.(eds). Published: IPCC, Switzerland <http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/wetlands/index.html>)), i.e. it is assumed that the moor was completely drained during the fire.+
  
-For the calculation of CO emissions the EF according to Table 2.7, 2013 IPCC Wetlands Supplement 207 g (kg dm)<sup>-1</sup>, is taken into account. This results in 85 kt CO. For other emissions from land fires on drained organic soils no Tier-1 emission factors exist and are therefore not reported (NO).+For the calculation of CO emissions the EF according to Table 2.7, 2013 IPCC Wetlands Supplement 207 g (kg dm)<sup>-1</sup>, is taken into account resulting in 85 kt of CO.