1.A.5.b - Other, Mobile (including Military)

Short description

In sub-category 1.A.5.b - Other, Mobile (including Military) emissions from landbased, air- and waterborne military vehicles are reported.

NFR-Code Name of Category Method AD EF Key Category Analysis
1.A.5.b Other, Mobile (including Military) see sub-category details see below
1.A.5.b i Land-based military transport and machinery T1, T2 NS CS, D -
1.A.5.b ii Military Aviation T1, T2 NS CS, D -
1.A.5.b iii Military Navigation T1, T2, T3 NS, M CS, D, M -
NOx NMVOC SO2 NH3 PM2.5 PM10 TSP BC CO PB Cd Hg Diox PAH HCB
Key Category: -/T -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/- -/-

For further information on sub-sector specific consumption data, emission factors and emissions as well as further information on emission trends, recalculations and planned improvements, please follow the links above.

Methodology

Activity data

Basically, all fuel deliveries to the military are included in the primary fuel delivery data provided by the National Energy Balances (NEB) 1). As the NEB does not provide specific data for military use, the following additional sources are used:

Military land-based vehicles and aviation:

For the years as of 1995, the official mineral-oil data of the Federal Republic of Germany (Amtliche Mineralöldaten der Bundesrepublik Deutschland), prepared by the Federal Office of Economics and Export Control (BAFA), are used 2). Provided in units of [1000 t], these amounts have to be converted into [TJ] on the basis of the relevant net calorific values given by 3).

As the official mineral-oil data does not distinguish into fossil and biofuels but does provide amounts for inland deliveries of total diesel and gasoline fuels, no data on the consumption of biodiesel and bioethanol is available directly at the moment. Therefore, activity data for biofuels used in military vehicles are calculated by applying Germany's official annual biofuel shares to the named total deliveries (see also: info on EF).

As there is no consistent NEB data availabe for aviation gasoline, delivery data from BAFA is applied for the entire time series.

Military navigation:

Primarilly, fuel deliveries to military navigation is included in the NEB data provided in NEB lines 6: 'International Deep-Sea Bunkers' and 64: 'Coastal and inland navigation' but cannot be derived directly. Therefore, starting with this submission, fuel use in military navigation is estimated within a specific model used for estimating emissions from German maritime activities 4).

Table 1: Sources for consumption data in 1.A.5.b

Mode of Military Transport Specific AD included in: Sources for specific data Relevant years
Military ground vehicles and mobile machinery, military aviation NEB line 67 - 'Commerce, Trade, Services and other Consumers' Special evaluation 1990-1994 carried out by AGEB 1990 - 1994
Official oil data, table 7j, column: 'An das Militär', 5) as of 1995
Military Navigation NEB lines 6 - 'International Deep-Sea Bunkers' and 64 - 'Coastal and Inland Navigation' AD estimated within 6) as of 1990

Table 2: Annual over-all fuel consumption in military vehicles and mobile equipment, in terajoules

1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
DIESEL OIL 15.417 8.264 1.592 3.377 1.863 1.820 1.293 1.141 1.127 763 1.104 791 787 734 719 571 412 445 328
GASOLINE 21.508 9.800 7.477 6.838 6.095 4.764 4.919 4.854 4.792 4.624 4.106 4.027 3.635 3.287 2.959 2.463 2.300 2.269 1.770
BIODIESEL 0 0 0 214 205 223 114 80,0 74,9 43,2 68,2 40,3 41,9 31,7 30,6 22,1 16,2 16,0 11,1
BIOGASOLINE 0 0 0 47,0 87,9 64,3 94,0 139 185 190 182 173 158 143 129 104 103 97,9 80,8
JET KEROSENE 38.385 16.143 9.862 2.200 2.441 2.554 3.597 4.396 3.286 4.114 1.171 2.049 3.060 3.726 3.845 1.507 1.025 3.746 2.904
AVGAS 15,2 6,35 1,09 0,26 2,48 14,8 0,00 0,04 0,17 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,13 0,00 0,17 0,04 0,00
HEAVY FUEL OIL 152 104 90,4 67,4 63,4 61,0 60,5 59,0 59,0 56,5 54,0 43,9 60,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
Ʃ 1.A.5.b 75.477 34.317 19.022 12.744 10.757 9.501 10.078 10.668 9.524 9.791 6.685 7.124 7.742 7.921 7.682 4.666 3.856 6.574 5.094

source: (BAFA, 2021) 7): Amtliche Mineralöldaten für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Table 7j: “an das Militär” (“to the military”) and own estimates for blended biofuels

Table 3: Further break-down of annual military fuel consumption, in terajoules

1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
used in military ground vehicles and machinery
Diesel Oil 15,037 8,001 1,364 3,206 1,701 1,664 1,139 990 977 620 966 680 683 580 577 415 279 281 133
Biodiesel 0 0 0 214 205 223 114 80 75 43 68 40 42 32 31 22 16 16 11
Gasoline 21,508 9,800 7,477 6,838 6,095 4,764 4,919 4,854 4,792 4,624 4,106 4,027 3,635 3,287 2,959 2,463 2,300 2,269 1,770
Biogasoline 0 0 0 47 88 64 94 139 185 190 182 173 158 143 129 104 103 98 81
used in military aircraft
Jet Kerosene 38,385 16,143 9,862 2,200 2,441 2,554 3,597 4,396 3,286 4,114 1,171 2,049 3,060 3,726 3,845 1,507 1,025 3,746 2,904
Aviation Gasoline 15 6 1 0 2 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
used in military navigation
Diesel Oil 380 263 228 171 161 155 154 150 150 144 138 111 104 154 141 156 133 164 195
Heavy Fuel Oil 152 104 90 67 63 61 61 59 59 56 54 44 61 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ʃ 1.A.5.b
all types of fuels applied 75,477 34,317 19,022 12,744 10,757 9,501 10,078 10,668 9,524 9,791 6,685 7,124 7,742 7,921 7,682 4,666 3,856 6,574 5,094

source: (BAFA, 2021): Amtliche Mineralöldaten für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Table 7j: “an das Militär” (“to the military”); Deichnik, 2020 (for fuel consumption in military navigation) and own estimates for blended biofuels

As the “consumption data” provided here originally represents fuel delivery data, some trends in “annual consumption” are influenced by stock-keeping activities. Here, a clear impact of storage effects can be observed for avgas, where a significantly high amount of 15 TJ was purchased in 2007 followed by zero or very small deliveries.

 Annual avgas inland deliveries to the military

Furthermore, based upon expert information, no biodiesel or heavy fuel oil is used in national military navigation.

Emission factors

For further information on sub-sector specific emission factors, please refer to the sub-chapters on ground-based , airborne and naval military activities.

Table: Outcome of Key Category Analysis

for: NOx
by: Trend

Here, due to the tier1 emission factors applied, annual emissions strongly correspond with activity data, therefore showing strong decline after 1990 and an ongoing downward trend.

 Annual nitrogen oxides emissions

Furthermore, this NFR category shows interesting trends for emissions of Lead (Pb) from leaded gasoline (until 1997) and aviation gasoline:

Until 1997, lead emissions were dominated by the combustion of leaded gasoline in military ground-based vehicles. Therefore, the over-all trend for lead emissions from military vehicles and aircraft is driven mostly by the abolition of leaded gasoline in 1997. Towards this date, the amount of leaded gasoline decreased significantly. After 1997, the only source for lead from mobile fuel combustion is avgas used in military aircraft. As for avgas, the trend of consumption is more or less drecreasing steadily until 2005 but then shows a strong increase for 2006 and '07 (!), followed by no or very small deliveries. As mentioned above, there are no real consumption data available: AD is based on fuel deliveries to the military only. Thus, especially the trends for the use of aviation gasoline and the resulting emissions show this siginificant jumps in 2006 and 07. The party is aware of this issue and will try to solve it as soon as data allows. (see also: FAQ)

 Annual lead emissions

The trend for TSP emissions reflects the impact of leaded gasoline at least for 1990 to 1997. For all other years, particulate matter emissions simply follow the trend in over-all fuel consumption.

 Annual TSP emissions

Regarding sulphur dioxide, emssions not only reflect the trend of fuel consumption but also the impact of fuel-sulphur legislation.

 Annual sulphur oxides emissions

For all other reported pollutants, due to the application of tier1 emission factors, emission trends reported for this sub-category only reflect the trend in fuel deliveries.

Recalculations

All recalculations result from the revision of underlying activity data.

Here, the TJ-amounts of gasoline were re-estimated based on corrected annual NCVs for recent years and the consumption of heavy-fuel oil in military navigation has been taken into account for the first time.

Table 4: Revised over-all activity data, in terajoules

1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
current submission 75.477 34.317 19.022 12.744 10.757 9.501 10.078 10.668 9.524 9.791 6.685 7.124 7.742 7.921 7.682 4.666 3.856 6.574
previous submission 75.928 34.615 19.267 12.934 10.949 9.676 10.260 10.863 9.735 9.995 6.879 7.339 7.972 8.098 7.952 5.041 4.202 6.968
absolute change -451 -298 -245 -189 -193 -175 -183 -194 -210 -204 -194 -214 -230 -177 -270 -375 -345 -394
relative change -0,59% -0,86% -1,27% -1,46% -1,76% -1,81% -1,78% -1,79% -2,16% -2,04% -2,81% -2,92% -2,89% -2,18% -3,40% -7,44% -8,22% -5,66%

For information on revised or newly implemented emission factors, please refer to the three sub-chapters linked above.

For pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2019, please see the recalculation tables following chapter 8.1 - Recalculations.

Uncertainties

Uncertainty estimates for activity data of mobile sources derive from research project FKZ 360 16 023: “Ermittlung der Unsicherheiten der mit den Modellen TREMOD und TREMOD-MM berechneten Luftschadstoffemissionen des landgebundenen Verkehrs in Deutschland” by Knörr et al. (2009) 8).

Uncertainty estimates for emission factors were compiled during the PAREST research project. Here, the final report has not yet been published.

Planned improvements

With respect to NFR 1.A.5.b as such, no overarching improvements are planned. For further information on possible sub-sector specific improvements, please follow the links above.


1), 3) AGEB, 2021: Working Group on Energy Balances (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Energiebilanzen (Hrsg.), AGEB): Energiebilanz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland; URL: http://www.ag-energiebilanzen.de/7-0-Bilanzen-1990-2018.html, (Aufruf: 25.11.2021), Köln & Berlin, 2021
2), 7) BAFA, 2021: Federal Office of Economics and Export Control (Bundesamt für Wirtschaft und Ausfuhrkontrolle, BAFA): Amtliche Mineralöldaten für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland; URL: https://www.bafa.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Energie/Mineraloel/moel_amtliche_daten_2019_dezember.html, Eschborn, 2021.
4) Deichnik, 2021: Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie (BSH): Pflege und Aktualisierung des Modells zur Berechnung der Energieeinsätze und Emissionen des von deutschen Häfen ausgehenden Seeverkehrs, im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes, Hamburg, 2021.
8) Knörr et al.,2009: Knörr, W., Heldstab, J., & Kasser, F.: Ermittlung der Unsicherheiten der mit den Modellen TREMOD und TREMOD-MM berechneten Luftschadstoffemissionen des landgebundenen Verkehrs in Deutschland; final report; URL: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/461/publikationen/3937.pdf, FKZ 360 16 023, Heidelberg & Zürich, 2009.