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1.A.3.a i (ii) - Internatinal Civil Aviation: Cruise

Short description

Category Code Method AD EF
1.A.3.a i (ii) T1, T2, T3 NS, M CS, D, M
NOx NMVOC SO2 NH3 PM2.5 PM10 TSP BC CO PB Cd Hg Diox PAH HCB
Key Category: not included in key category analysis

In NFR category 1.A.3.a i (ii) - Internatinal Civil Aviation: Cruise emissions from international flights from German airports during cruise stage (above 3,000 feet of altitude) are reported.

In the following, information on sub-category specific activity data, (implied) emission factors and emission estimates are provided.

Methodology

Actitvity Data

Specific jet kerosene consumption during LTO-stage is calculated within TREMOD AV as described in the superordinate chapter on civil aviation.

Table 1: annual jet kerosene consumption during cruise-stage, in terajoules

1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Jet kerosene 149,007 189,185 240,680 285,709 301,032 312,607 316,629 307,916 304,544 292,898 314,325 319,548 308,755 307,982 331,809 363,932 374,434 371,033 171,306
Avgas 494 211 220 149 146 138 138 126 124 106 97.9 86.4 76.1 98.6 36.0 36.4 32.2 23.4 12.1

source: Knörr et al. (2021c) 1) and Gores (2021) 2)

Emission factors

All country specific emission factors used for emission reporting were basically ascertained within UBA project FKZ 360 16 029 3) and have since then been compiled, revised and maintained in TREMOD AV 4).

For more information, please see the superordinate chapter on civil aviation.

Table 2: Annual country-specific emission factors, in kg/TJ

1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
JET KEROSENE
NH3 3.98 3.95 3.95 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97 3.97
NMVOC 13.3 8.96 5.98 5.27 5.15 5.02 4.89 4.77 4.66 4.53 4.39 4.39 4.71 4.35 4.17 4.23 4.32 4.26 4.29
NOx 313 317 329 338 338 342 343 346 352 354 360 362 362 366 370 372 373 376 379
SOx 19.7 19.5 19.5 19.6 19.6 19.6 19.6 19.6 19.6 19.6 19.6 19.6 19.6 19.6 19.6 19.6 19.6 19.6 19.6
PM1 1.89 1.96 2.03 1.93 1.91 1.89 1.85 1.83 1.81 1.80 1.79 1.77 1.74 1.73 1.73 1.74 1.75 1.73 1.72
BC2 3.94 4.08 4.23 4.02 3.98 3.93 3.86 3.81 3.77 3.74 3.72 3.69 3.62 3.59 3.61 3.62 3.64 3.61 3.59
CO 73.8 61.6 47.7 42.4 41.5 40.6 39.7 38.6 37.8 37.3 37.0 36.8 40.1 36.2 34.2 34.2 34.7 34.1 34.4
AVGAS
NH3 NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE
NMVOC 468 498 477 462 452 451 461 470 460 523 519 518 506 515 430 437 449 466 446
NOx 103 109 103 100 98 97 99 100 97 111 109 110 104 108 68.7 69.8 73.7 81.7 71.5
SOx 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46
BC 0.40 0.42 0.41 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.45 0.44 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.46 0.47
PM2.5 2.69 2.80 2.74 2.68 2.65 2.67 2.70 2.76 2.74 2.96 2.96 2.93 2.97 2.95 3.11 3.14 3.13 3.08 3.12
PM10 2.69 2.80 2.74 2.68 2.65 2.67 2.70 2.76 2.74 2.96 2.96 2.93 2.97 2.95 3.11 3.14 3.13 3.08 3.12
TSP 17.9 18.0 17.9 17.9 17.8 17.8 17.9 17.9 17.9 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.3 18.3 18.3 18.2 18.3
CO 20,915 22,610 21,827 21,055 20,659 21,024 21,402 22,335 22,225 25,229 25,303 24,882 25,753 25,200 29,832 30,337 30,216 29,164 30,558

1 EF(TSP) also applied for PM10 and PM2.5 (assumption: > 99% of TSP consists of PM2.5)
2 estimated via a f-BC of 0.48 as provided in 5), Chapter: 1.A.3.a, 1.A.5.b Aviation, page 49: “Conclusion”.

For the country-specific emission factors applied for particulate matter, no clear indication is available, whether or not condensables are included.

For information on the emission factors for heavy-metal and POP exhaust emissions, please refer to Appendix 2.3 - Heavy Metal (HM) exhaust emissions from mobile sources and Appendix 2.4 - Persistent Organic Pollutant (POP) exhaust emissions from mobile sources.

Trend discussion for Key Sources

NFR 1.A.3.a i (ii) - International Civil Aviation - Cruise is not included in the national emission totals and hence not included in the key category analysis.

Recalculations

Activity data have been revised within TREMOD AV to keep in line with information the final 2019 NEB.

Furthermore, after the implemetation of aviation gasoline (avgas) for international flights, the distribution onto LTO and Cruise stage have been revised widely for all years.

Table 3: Revised kerosene usage in 1.A.3.a i (ii), in terajoules

1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
JET KEROSENE
Submission 2021 149,007 189,185 240,680 285,709 301,032 312,607 316,629 307,916 304,544 292,898 314,325 319,548 308,755 307,982 331,809 363,932 374,434 371,033
Submission 2020 149,007 189,185 240,680 285,709 301,032 312,607 316,629 307,916 304,544 292,898 314,325 319,548 308,755 307,982 331,809 363,932 374,434 371,552
absolute change 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -519
relative change 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% -0.14%
AVGAS
Submission 2021 494 211 220 149 146 138 138 126 124 106 97.9 86.4 76.1 98.6 36.0 36.4 32.2 23.4
Submission 2020 464 161 173 91.6 87.2 76.8 82.5 75.8 76.8 68.1 60.4 48.6 40.0 58.5 16.2 16.2 12.1 6.55
absolute change 29.8 50.1 46.6 56.9 59.2 60.9 55.4 49.8 47.3 37.5 37.4 37.8 36.1 40.1 19.8 20.2 20.1 16.9
relative change 6.42% 31.1% 26.9% 62.2% 67.8% 79.4% 67.2% 65.7% 61.6% 55.0% 61.9% 77.7% 90.3% 68.7% 122.1% 125% 166% 258%

In parallel, the majority of country-specific emission factors applied for 2019 has been revised within TREMOD AV.

Table 4: Revised country-specific emission-factors 2019, in [kg/TJ]

NH3 NMVOC NOx SO2 BC PM CO
KEROSENE
Submission 2022 3,97 4,26 376 19,6 1,73 3,61 34,1
Submission 2021 3,97 4,25 375 19,6 1,75 3,65 34,6
absolute change 0,00 0,01 0,14 0,00 -0,02 -0,04 -0,5
relative change 0,00% 0,35% 0,04% 0,00% -1,13% -1,13% -1,51%
AVGAS
Submission 2022 NE 466 81,7 0,46 0,46 3,08 29164
Submission 2021 NE 467 82,2 0,46 0,46 3,08 29108
absolute change 0,00 -0,90 -0,47 0,00 0,00 0,00 56,1
relative change -0,19% -0,57% 0,00% 0,06% 0,06% 0,19%

For pollutant-specific information on recalculated emission estimates for Base Year and 2019, please see the pollutant specific recalculation tables following chapter 8.1 - Recalculations.

Uncertainties

For uncertainties information, please see main chapter on civil aviation.

Planned improvements

For information on planned improvements, please see main chapter on civil aviation.

2) Gores (2021): Inventartool zum deutschen Flugverkehrsinventar 1990-2018, im Rahmen der Aktualisierung des Moduls TREMOD-AV im Transportemissionsmodell TREMOD, Berlin, 2021.
3) Knörr, W., Schacht, A., & Gores, S. (2010): Entwicklung eines eigenständigen Modells zur Berechnung des Flugverkehrs (TREMOD-AV) : Endbericht. Endbericht zum F+E-Vorhaben 360 16 029, URL: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/entwicklung-eines-modells-zur-berechnung; Berlin & Heidelberg, 2012.
5) EMEP/EEA, 2019: EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2019, https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/emep-eea-guidebook-2019/part-b-sectoral-guidance-chapters/1-energy/1-a-combustion/1-a-3-a-aviation/view; Copenhagen, 2019.